Impact of heat drying on the physical and environmental characteristics of the nanocellulose-based films produced via sp
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Impact of heat drying on the physical and environmental characteristics of the nanocellulose-based films produced via spray deposition technique Humayun Nadeem . Mahdi Naseri . Kirubanandan Shanmugam . Christine Browne . Gil Garnier . Warren Batchelor
Received: 11 March 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Nanocellulose (NC) and NC-based composites have gained considerable attention in recent years due to their biodegradability and recyclability. Spray deposition has emerged as a potential technique to produce NC films due to the rapidity and simplicity of the process. The major hurdle regarding the efficient production of NC-based films is the drying process. The aim of the current study is to significantly reduce the drying time of NC films and consequently examine the impact of drying on their mechanical characteristics, barrier and environmental performance. The NC films produced by spray deposition were dried at 50 °C, 75 °C and 100 °C and their
characteristics were compared with the films produced via the same method at ambient temperature (28 ± 2 °C). Heating the films in an oven up to 75 °C had a negligible effect on mechanical characteristics while slightly improving the barrier properties as compared with the ambient dried films. However, the dimensional stability was only achieved when the temperature was below 75 °C. Drying could be accomplished at the faster drying rate and the NC films found to have lower embodied energy in comparison with the conventional packaging materials.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03473-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. H. Nadeem M. Naseri K. Shanmugam C. Browne G. Garnier W. Batchelor (&) Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Embodied energy Heat drying Nanocellulose Spray deposition
Introduction Climate change has become a major issue in recent years due to escalating greenhouse gas emissions (Nadeem et al. 2017). Owing to the environmental concerns with the pervasive consumption of nonsustainable polymers in various industries, developing energy-efficient, biodegradable and recyclable barrier materials for packaging is of foremost concern. Following the current trend, the use of packaging materials is expected to grow at approximately 3% by
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2022 (Pira 2019). Different materials such as plastics, glasses, aluminium and petroleum-based polymers have been used as packaging materials (Bugnicourt et al. 2013). Biodegradability and re-processability are major constraints in the utilization of these conventional materials. Virgin plastics often have excellent barrier properties, but, when they are recycled, their barrier properties decrease significantly
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