In silico target fishing and pharmacological profiling for the isoquinoline alkaloids of Macleaya cordata ( Bo Luo Hui )
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RESEARCH
In silico target fishing and pharmacological profiling for the isoquinoline alkaloids of Macleaya cordata (Bo Luo Hui) Qifang Lei, Haibo Liu*, Yong Peng and Peigen Xiao
Abstract Background: Some isoquinoline alkaloids from Macleaya cordata (Willd). R. Br. (Bo Luo Hui) exhibited antibacterial, antiparasitic, antitumor, and analgesic effects. The targets of these isoquinoline alkaloids are undefined. This study aims to investigate the compound–target interaction network and potential pharmacological actions of isoquinoline alkaloids of M. cordata by reverse pharmacophore database screening. Methods: The targets of 26 isoquinoline alkaloids identified from M. cordata were predicted by a pharmacophorebased target fishing approach. Discovery Studio 3.5 and two pharmacophore databases (PharmaDB and HypoDB) were employed for the target profiling. A compound–target interaction network of M. cordata was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape 3.0. Results: Thirteen of the 65 predicted targets identified by PharmaDB were confirmed as targets by HypoDB screening. The targets in the interaction network of M. cordata were involved in cancer (31 targets), microorganisms (12 targets), neurodegeneration (10 targets), inflammation and autoimmunity (8 targets), parasitosis (5 targets), injury (4 targets), and pain (3 targets). Dihydrochelerythrine (C6) was found to hit 23 fitting targets. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) hits 15 alkaloids (C1–2, C11–16, C19–25) was the most promising target related to cancer. Conclusion: Through in silico target fishing, the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of M. cordata were the most significant among many possible activities. The possible anticancer effects were mainly contributed by the isoquinoline alkaloids as active components. Background Macleaya cordata (Willd). R. Br. (Bo Luo Hui) (Fig. 1) has been used for the treatment of cancer [1], insect bites [2], and ringworm infection [3] in Mainland China, North America, and Europe. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies demonstrated that the isoquinoline alkaloids derived from M. cordata are its major active components [4]. Thirty isoquinoline alkaloids have been isolated from M. cordata (Fig. 2), including chelerythrine (C12), sanguinarine (C15), sanguidimerine (C17), chelidimerine
*Correspondence: [email protected] Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
(C18), berberine (C21), coptisine (C23), allocryptopine (C24, C25), and protopine (C26). These alkaloids exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities, such as antitumor [5–8], anti-inflammatory [9–11], antimicrobial [12–14], analgesic [15], and antioxidant [16] activities. In our previous study [17], we found that M. cordata could be counted not only as one of the richest resources in Mainland China among all species of the tribe Chelidonieae, but also as one of the most promising natural resources for drug discovery. M. cordata has gained the attention of pharmac
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