In vivo: maternal betaine supplementation normalized fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy
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MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE
In vivo: maternal betaine supplementation normalized fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy Pouya Salahi1,2 · Mahdiyeh Gharabaghi1 · Alireza Rocky3 · Masoud Alirezaei4 Received: 11 November 2019 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Diabetes alters maternal metabolism and can lead to aberrant fetal growth. In addition to insulin treatment, nutritional diet interventions are recommended for promoting fetal health against diabetes-induced adverse effects. Therefore, we conducted an in vivo study to investigate betaine efficacy on fetal development against maternal diabetes. Methods Thirty-two dams were divided into four equal groups: control (C), betaine supplementation (BS), diabetic pregnancy (DP) and diabetic pregnancy plus betaine supplementation (DP + BS). Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and body weight (BW) were monitored during pregnancy. After physiological delivery, dams glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations were measured, followed by fetal development indices including litter size (LS), neonatal weight (NW) and crown-rump (CR). Also, maternal oxidative status was assessed by evaluating glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and catalase (CAT) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the erythrocytes. Results Betaine supplementation significantly alleviated FBS and tended to recover BW loss. It also significantly decreased HbA1c values in dams of DP + BS compared to DP group. Normalized fetal indices such as LS, NW and CR under betaine supplementation were associated with a significant increase in GSH content and GSH-Px activity, as well as decreased MDA concentrations in erythrocytes of dams in the DP + BS versus the DP group, indicating improved redox balance in the dams. Conclusion We indicated for the first time that betaine supplementation improved the maternal glucose metabolism and redox balance associated with normalized fetal growth. Nevertheless, further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms through which betaine protects fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy. Keywords Diabetic pregnancy · Betaine · Oxidative stress · Intrauterine growth restriction · Uteroplacental insufficiency
Introduction Offspring developmental stages including embryonic and fetal are very sensitive to alterations in intrauterine environment. Diabetes during pregnancy either type I or type II exerts debilitating impacts on maternal intrauterine milieu thereby increasing the risk of aberrant fetal growth include large for gestational age (LGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) [26]. It also predisposes the neonates to develop metabolic syndromes later in life which is suggested to be correlated with diabetes epidemic. Extensive evidence Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05665-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Pouya Salahi [email protected]; [email protected] Extended
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