Insect herbivory in novel Quercus ilex L. forests: the role of landscape attributes, forest composition and host traits
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RESEARCH PAPER
Insect herbivory in novel Quercus ilex L. forests: the role of landscape attributes, forest composition and host traits Helena Ruiz-Carbayo 1 & Joan Pino 1,2 & Raúl Bonal 3 & Patrick M. A. James 4 & Arndt Hampe 5 & Roberto Molowny-Horas 1 & Josep Maria Espelta 1,2 Received: 17 October 2019 / Accepted: 24 February 2020 # INRAE and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract & Key message Insect herbivory in novel Quercus ilex L. forests is a highly context- and scale-dependent process. We show that forest composition, tree height and fine-scale spatial location, as well as tree genetic relatedness and ontogeny, can all influence herbivore activity at local to landscape scale. & Context Understanding the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of herbivory in novel expanding forests is essential to envisage their role for biodiversity conservation. & Aims To analyse the effects of landscape attributes, forest composition, genetic relatedness, ontogeny and leaf traits on insect herbivory in novel Q. ilex forest stands. & Methods In 15 forest patches, we examined effects of patch size and connectivity, forest composition, tree height, specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen content on herbivory. In 3 forest patches, we assessed effects of tree genetic relatedness, ontogeny and spatial distribution. & Results Herbivory was lower in pine-oak than in mixed-oak forests owing to the shorter tree height in the former with no effects of patch size or connectivity. Herbivory increased with SLA whereas nitrogen content had no effect. Within patches, herbivory differed among genetic clusters and was reduced in saplings growing near mature oaks and individuals near the forest edge. & Conclusion We illustrate the strong context and scale dependence of tree-herbivore interactions that renders predictions for dynamic systems such as novel oak forests extremely challenging. It implies, however, that the structural heterogeneity of such unmanaged forests allows their function as stepping stones for insect herbivore diversity in fragmented landscapes. Keywords Connectivity . Forest expansion . Genetic relatedness . Leaf nitrogen content . Specific leaf area Handling Editors: Arndt Hampe; Irene Martín-Forés; Raquel AlfaroSánchez Contributions of the co-authors H.R-C, J.P, R.B and J.M.E conceived and designed the research; H.R-C and J.M.E collected the field data; P.AM.J, A.H and R. M-H assisted with the analyses; H.R-C, A.H and J.M.E led the writing of the manuscript. All co-authors were involved in revising and editing the manuscript. This article is part of the topical collection on Establishment of secondgrowth forests in human landscapes: ecological mechanisms and genetic consequences * Josep Maria Espelta [email protected] Helena Ruiz-Carbayo [email protected] Joan Pino [email protected] Raúl Bonal [email protected]
Patrick M. A. James [email protected] Arndt Hampe [email protected] Roberto Molowny-Horas [email protected] Extended Author affiliation available at the last page
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