Instrumentation to Manufacturing Industries (Application II)
As was described in Chap. 9, the various kinds of processes used in manufacturing industries are generally comprised of processing units. Different industries, however, employ different operational methods. Thus, the instrumentation and control methods wi
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INSTRUMENTATION TO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (Application II)
As was described in Chap. 9, the various kinds of processes used in manufacturing industries are generally comprised of processing units. Different industries, however, employ different operational methods. Thus, the instrumentation and control methods will also vary reflecting those differences. Our thinking with respect to instrumentation has undergone much change in recent years; the concern used to be operational supervision and automatic control for the sole purpose of mass production. Today, however, such considerations as safety, quality, labor savings, and energy conservation are at least equally important in the development of instrumentation. Another significant development that has become increasingly noticeable with the introduction of digital devices and systems, is the rapid evolution toward so-called total factory automation (FA) with the capability for small production runs of a diverse range of products. How extensively is instrumentation employed today? While this is not easy to determine precisely, the Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers' Association (JEMIMA) has come up with an instrumentation ratio, which they define as follows: · t rumen t a t"10n ra t"10 (IR) ms
investment in instrumentation . . mvestment m plant and egmpment
= .
Investment in instrumentation includes investment in industrial instruments, process computer systems, and instrumentation work used in productive processes (analyzers used for experimental purposes in laboratories, for example, are excluded). Investment in plant and equipment includes all costs associated with equipment and facilities, but not including land. Although the instrumentation ratio is only calculated triennially, it is nevertheless apparent that the ratio is increasing every year. In Chap.lO
Instrumentation to Manufacturing Industries
T. Senbon et al. (eds.), Instrumentation Systems © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
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Chap.lO Instrumention to Manufacturing Industries
10.6.3 Filtration equipment instrumentation Filtration equipment is used to screen fine suspended solids that are not removed by chemical and sedimentation treatment by passing the waste stream through a bed of sand. Key instrumentation for the filter are filter rate control to maintain uniform velocity thorugh the filter, and filter washing control applied to the backwash-storage compartment that holds water used to wash the filter bed. A flow sheet of the instrumentation associated with the filter is shown in Fig. 10.100. (a) Filter rate control Standard filtration rates range from 120 to 150 meters/day, and must
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