Intelligent Organizations Powerful Models for Systemic Management
The systems approach in which this work is grounded enables the development of the new kind of intelligent organizations so urgently needed. Powerful models, based on organizational cybernetics and system dynamics, are presented in a way that lets the rea
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Markus Schwaninger
Intelligent Organizations Powerful Models for Systemic Management Second Edition
Prof. Dr. Markus Schwaninger Institute of Management (IfB) University of St. Gallen Dufourstr. 40a CH-9000 St. Gallen Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-540-85161-5
e-ISBN 978-3-540-85162-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936500 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 5 4 3 2 1 0 springer.com
Contents
1
Organizational Intelligence in Systemic Terms……………………….……1 1.1 The Need for Organizational Innovation....................................................1 1.2 An Innovative View of Organizations........................................................2 1.3 Related Streams of Inquiry .........................................................................6 1.4 What Makes an Organization Intelligent?..................................................7 1.5 Purpose and Scope of this Book .................................................................8
2
Complexity and Understanding ....................................................................11 2.1 Two Crucial Concepts: Complexity and Variety .....................................11 2.2 Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety ...........................................................14 2.3 The Conant-Ashby Theorem: Models are Crucial ...................................20
3
Management – A Distributed Function........................................................23 3.1 On Leadership and Management..............................................................23 3.2 On Control Loops .....................................................................................25 3.3 Control Versus Pre-control.......................................................................28 3.4 Extrinsic Versus Intrinsic Control ............................................................28 3.5 Hierarchy Versus Heterarchy ...................................................................29 3.6 Distributed Management ..........................................................................32
4
Intelligent Organization – A Systemic Framework.................
