International Competitiveness of Countries with Performing Innovation Systems
There are three types of performing national innovation systems (NIS). The first subsystem belonging to this group can be found in France, Germany, UK, Italy, South Korea, and Taiwan. The second subsystem can be observed in two countries: the USA and Japa
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International Competitiveness of Countries with Performing Innovation Systems Andreas Bielig, Józef Olszyński, Grażyna Wojtkowska-Łodej, Oskar Kowalewski and Tomasz Napiórkowski
There are three types of performing national innovation systems (NIS). The first subsystem belonging to this group can be found in France, Germany, UK, Italy, South Korea, and Taiwan. The second subsystem can be observed in two countries: the USA and Japan. The third subsystem consists of: Spain, Austria, Norway, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (Weresa 2012). In order to show the differences in using innovation and human capital for purposes of boosting competitiveness in international trade and to continue with the analysis of case studies, four examples of various performing NIS subsystems were selected: Germany, Austria, Spain, and the USA.
6.1 Case Study: Germany Andreas Bielig, Józef Olszyński Germany was selected as a case study that verifies the research hypotheses concerning the role of human capital and innovativeness in the development of competitive advantages in international trade for numerous reasons. A. Bielig () · O. Kowalewski () · T. Napiórkowski () · J. Olszyński · G. Wojtkowska-Łodej World Economy Research Institute, Warsaw School of Economics, Al. Niepodleglosci 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] O. Kowalewski e-mail: [email protected] T. Napiórkowski e-mail: [email protected] J. Olszyński e-mail: [email protected] G. Wojtkowska-Łodej Foreign Trade and European Studies Institute, Warsaw School of Economics, Al. Niepodleglosci 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Weresa (ed.), Innovation, Human Capital and Trade Competitiveness, Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02072-3_6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
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Germany takes a significant position in the global economics and politics. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the economic and political leader. Many European countries ascribe special importance to German economy as they perceive it as the motor force of development processes. Germans are an important (basic) output market. For instance: Austria directs 22 % of its exports to Germany, Slovakia—17 %, the Netherlands—15 %, France—13 % (OECD Economic Survey 2012, p. 9). The German economy is worth analyzing owing to the fact that the German government is very active in the area of the domestic and European economic policies and projects aimed at increasing competitiveness in international trade. The activities undertaken to support human capital and innovativeness deserve a closer look, especially since their positive effects are visible, e.g., in the process of revival after the 2008–2009 economic crisis.
6.1.1 The Competitiveness of Germany in International Trade The German economy is definitely of proexport nature, and most certainly deserves to be referred to as an open economy. This is reflected both by the proportion of imports and exports to GDP (approximately 40 % and 35–45 %,
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