Intrahippocampal Effects of Nickel Injection on the Affective and Cognitive Response in Wistar Rat: Potential Role of Ox
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Intrahippocampal Effects of Nickel Injection on the Affective and Cognitive Response in Wistar Rat: Potential Role of Oxidative Stress Mohamed Yassine El Brouzi 1 & Mouloud Lamtai 1 & Oussama Zghari 1 Aboubaker El Hessni 1 & Abdelhalem Mesfioui 1 & Ali Ouichou 1
&
Sihame Ouakki 1 & Ibrahim Azizoun 1 &
Received: 31 August 2020 / Accepted: 21 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study focused on affective and cognitive behaviors in male Wistar rats, following direct and unique exposure to nickel chloride (NiCl2), as well as the possible involvement of oxidative stress. The rats were exposed to NiCl2 (300 μM), by intracerebral administration of 2 μL of this metal at the right hippocampus, using the stereotaxic approach. Five days after the surgery, a battery of behavioral tests was performed, including the open-field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze test (EPM) to assess the state of anxiety-like behavior and forced swimming test (FST) for depressive-like behavior. Y-maze and Morris Water Maze (MWM) were used to evaluate working memory and spatial learning. Thereafter, oxidative stress markers of the hippocampus were evaluated. The results confirm that NiCl2 exerts anxiogenic effects in both anxiety tests and depressogenic effects in the FST. In addition, MWM and Y-maze data show that NiCl2 causes memory and spatial learning disorders. The biochemical assay results showed that intrahippocampal injection of NiCl2 increased the levels of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001), while the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased in the hippocampus (p < 0.01). Overall, these results suggest that NiCl2 causes affective and cognitive disorders and oxidative stress in rats. Keywords Nickel . Anxiety . Depression . Memory . Hippocampus . Oxidative stress
Introduction Depression, anxiety, and cognitive-related disorders are the most important group of mental disorders. They represent a pathological condition characterized by a complex biological structure of etiology, involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Heavy metal pollution is a global problem because of the persistent and continuing accumulation in the environment [1, 2]. Chronic exposure to heavy metals could affect mental health [3–8]. Among these metals is nickel (Ni), a toxic transition metal used in industry and found in air, water, and food. Human overexposure to Ni emanating from the increasing application of Ni compounds in modern technologies is a major public health problem [9–11]. It has been reported that
* Mohamed Yassine El Brouzi [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Genetics, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University, Kénitra, Morocco
Ni exposure causes harmful effects in living organisms, such as genotoxicity, teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity [12–14]. Among the major target organs for Ni toxicity is the central nervous system (CNS) [15]. Exposure to Ni
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