Ion chemistry of groundwater and the possible controls within Lhasa River Basin, SW Tibetan Plateau
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ion chemistry of groundwater and the possible controls within Lhasa River Basin, SW Tibetan Plateau Tao Zhang 1 & Wutian Cai 1 & Yingzhi Li 1 & Tingting Geng 1 & Zhiyin Zhang 1 & Yonggao Lv 1 & Miao Zhao 1 & Jinwei Liu 1 Received: 11 January 2017 / Accepted: 21 August 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018
Abstract In order to study the major ion chemistry and controls of groundwater, 65 groundwater samples were collected and their major ions measured from wells within Lhasa River Basin. Groundwater has the characteristics of slightly alkaline and moderate total dissolved solid (TDS). TDS concentration ranged from 122.0 to 489.9 mg/L with a median value of 271.2 mg/L. Almost all the groundwater samples suited for drinking and irrigation. The major cations of groundwater are Ca2+ and Mg2+, accounting for 59.6 and 31.3% of the cations, respectively. Meanwhile, HCO3− and SO42− constituted about 56.7 and 36.9% of the anions, respectively, in Lhasa River Basin. The hydrochemical type of groundwater is HCO3-SO4-Ca-Mg. The chemical composition of groundwater samples located in the middle of Gibbs model, which indicates that the major chemical process of groundwater is controlled by rock weathering. Carbonate weathering was the dominant hydro-geochemical process controlling the concentration of major ions in groundwater within Lhasa River Basin, but silicate weathering also plays an important role. Keywords Groundwater . Major ion . Controlling factors . Hydrochemical type . Lhasa River Basin
Introduction The chemical composition of river water is an important feature of the river basin and has a stronger link to the local environment (Gibbs 1970; Hu et al. 1982; Zhu et al. 2011). The surface water and groundwater recharge, runoff, and discharge of the hydrological process are determined by geographical, geological, and hydrogeological conditions, and the vast array of hydrogeochemical action occurred between groundwater and its surrounding environment, so the chemical composition of natural water in a certain degree records some information about the moisture migration and transformation (Pan et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2008a; Tang et al. 2014). By analyzing chemical composition and identifying the control of the basic process of chemical characteristics in Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3855-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Tao Zhang [email protected] 1
Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
groundwater, we can understand the characteristics of hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in a certain extent. Groundwater and surface water are two interdependent, mutual restriction and mutual independence of the hydrological cycle system. By in-depth understanding of the relationship between them, it is of great significance for water resource assessment, reasonable utilization of water resources, and ecological protection and provides
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