Iron in Minerals and the Formation of Rust in Stone
The mean iron content of the earth’s crust is 5%. Iron is locked in ferromagnesian silicates in rocks at the earth’s surface mostly as green or black ferrous-ferric iron. The black ferrous-ferric form is magnetite, the red ferric oxide, hematite, and the
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Clarke War Memorial Fountain, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
Large blocks of Indiana limestone, 20 ft high and 5 ft2, are set in "Stonehenge" -type fashion, capped with 10ft slabs of the same stone in a fountain pool. The columns in the center are coarsely hewn, while the finish of the outer columns is sawed. The Indiana limestone, calcareous fossil fragments cemented with oolites, shows two color tones, the original bluish-gray color, and oxidized ochre, well seen on the blocks in the center. The blocks stand on end immersed in a shallow water pool; the bedding planes and crossbedding appear vertical, well seen on the right-hand block. Continuous, wet/dry cycles with water introduced from four fountains positioned between the four pairs of blocks provide ample water to the stone. Secondary surface deposits of iron on the outer blocks and the white margins of gypsum are the result of interaction of the atmospheric sulfur with the limestone. The pool basin is veneered with Italian Black Granite (gabbro) facing a solid concrete core. White seams on many joints are secondary crusts of white calcite leached from the concrete from water supplied by the pool behind under a constant head. The fountain started operation May 1986.
E.M. Winkler
Stone in Architecture Properties, Durability Third, Completely Revised and Extended Edition Corrected 2nd printing With 219 Figures, Some in Color and 63 Tables
i
Springer
Prof. Dr. ERHARD M. WINKLER University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556-0767, USA
ISBN 978·3-662·10072-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Winkler, Erhard M. Stone in architecture : properties, durability / Erhard M. Winkler.-3rd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Stone-properties, durability in man's environment. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-662-10072-1 ISBN 978-3-662-10070-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-10070-7 1. Stone. 2. Building stones. 1. Winkler, Erhard M. Stone-properties, durability in man's environment. II. Title. TA426.W55 1994 624.1 '832dc20 94-20332 This work it subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law·of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1994, 1997 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1997 So/kover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 1997 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemp
