Iron Phosphate Materials as Cathodes for Lithium Batteries The Use o
Iron Phosphate Materials as Cathodes for Lithium Batteries describes the synthesis and the chemical–physical characteristics of iron phosphates, and presents methods of making LiFePO4 a suitable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.The author studie
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Pier Paolo Prosini
Iron Phosphate Materials as Cathodes for Lithium Batteries The Use of Environmentally Friendly Iron in Lithium Batteries
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Pier Paolo Prosini Renewable Technical Unit, C.R. Casaccia ENEA via Anguillarese 00123 Rome Italy e-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-0-85729-744-0 DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-745-7
e-ISBN 978-0-85729-745-7
Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
In the book, our efforts to make lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) a suitable material for lithium-ion batteries are presented. It was found that carbon, added before the formation of the crystalline phase, was effective on improving the electrochemical properties of the material in terms of practical capacity and charge/discharge rate. The full capacity (170 Ah kg-1) was attained when discharging the cell at 80C and C/10 rate. To evaluate the lithium chemical diffusion the lithium insertion in LiFePO4 was treated with a Frumkin-type sorption isotherm. The diffusion coefficient was found lower than the theoretical value of seven orders of magnitude. The poor electrochemical performance exhibited from the material was related to the relatively low value of the calculated diffusion coefficient. The reduction of the grain size was supposed to be one of the possible routes to enhance the performance of LiFePO4. Solution-based, low-temperature approaches can access metastable phases and unusual valence states that are otherwise inaccessible by conventional solid-state reactions. Amorphous FePO4 was prepared by sol-gel precipitation followed by air oxidation. Amorphous FePO4 was also prepared by spontaneous precipitation from equimolar aqueous solutions of iron and phosphate ions using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. The material was able to revers
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