Is There a Governing Role of Osteocytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration?
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OSTEOCYTES (J DELGADO-CALLE AND J KLEIN-NULEND, SECTION EDITORS)
Is There a Governing Role of Osteocytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration? Wei Cao 1,2 & Marco N. Helder 2 & Nathalie Bravenboer 3 & Gang Wu 4 & Jianfeng Jin 1,5 Christiaan M. ten Bruggenkate 2 & Jenneke Klein-Nulend 1 & Engelbert A. J. M. Schulten 2
&
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Bone regeneration plays an important role in contemporary clinical treatment. Bone tissue engineering should result in successful bone regeneration to restore congenital or acquired bone defects in the human skeleton. Osteocytes are thought to have a governing role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and thus bone loss and formation. In this review, we address the so far largely unknown role osteocytes may play in bone tissue regeneration. Recent Findings Osteocytes release biochemical signaling molecules involved in bone remodeling such as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, Wnts, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Treatment of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering with prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2, PGI2, PGF2α), nitric oxide, IGF-1, or Wnts (e.g., Wnt3a) improves osteogenesis. Summary This review provides an overview of the functions of osteocytes in bone tissue, their interaction with other bone cells, and their role in bone remodeling. We postulate that osteocytes may have a pivotal role in bone regeneration as well, and consequently that the bone regeneration process may be improved effectively and rapidly if osteocytes are optimally used and stimulated. Keywords Bone regeneration . Bone tissue engineering . Bone remodeling . Mechanical loading . Osteocyte
Introduction Bone tissue regeneration plays an increasingly important role in contemporary clinical treatment [1]. The reconstruction of bone defects remains a huge challenge for clinicians. Bone defects may result from different causes, such as systemic or local causes. Systemic causes contain congenital abnormalities, general diseases, and effect of medicine, while local causes include inflammation, trauma, or surgical treatments [1]. Autologous bone grafting is still considered the “gold
standard” for repair and reconstruction of skeleton [1]. However, autologous bone grafts have the shortcomings, such as limited amount of graft tissue and donor site morbidity. The regeneration of lost bone tissue, thereby recovering bone’s functionality, is challenging. The clinical need for a bone graft with a good quantity (volume) and quality (bone structure) is becoming more urgent. With the continuous development and improvement of tissue engineering technology, bone tissue regeneration will likely become an effective treatment. A better understanding of the mechanisms in bone tissue
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Osteocytes * Engelbert A. J. M. Schulten [email protected] 1
2
Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement
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