Kefir in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders
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FUNCTIONAL FOODS (CM WHISNER, SECTION EDITOR)
Kefir in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Benjamin C. T. Bourrie 1 & Caroline Richard 1 & Benjamin P. Willing 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review This review summarizes recent animal and human trials examining the potential for kefir to improve obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Evidence for pathways affected and suggestions of possible mechanisms of action are also considered. Recent Findings Human trials examining the ability of kefir to recapitulate metabolic health benefits previously observed in rodent models have found mixed results. Summary Kefir has long been associated with improvements in health including obesity, diabetes, NAFLD, and dyslipidemia in preventative animal trials. While recent evidence from human trials supports a positive role of kefir in modulating diabetesrelated markers, the impact of kefir consumption on markers of dyslipidemia, NAFLD, and body composition has been for the most part contradictory to animal findings. Variability in organisms for kefir fermentation poses a significant challenge in making meaningful comparisons. Recommendations for future well-controlled animal and human research are provided. Keywords Kefir . Obesity . Functional foods . Diabetes
Introduction Obesity is a growing problem, with global obesity rates more than doubling between 1980 and 2015 to a rate of 5% among children and 12% among adults [1••]. Meanwhile, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries have an average obesity rate of 19.5% with a wide variation ranging from 3.7% in Japan to 38.2% in the USA [2••]. These increases are especially worrisome as obesity often presents alongside a multitude of metabolic comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome [3–5]. Kefir has been identified as a possible nutritional strategy to reduce metabolic disease. This review will focus on what is known about the impact of kefir on metabolic
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Functional Foods * Benjamin P. Willing [email protected] 1
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Room 310D Ag/For Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
disorders associated with obesity, specifically, as it relates to diabetes and insulin resistance, NAFLD, and dyslipidemia [6]. Kefir is a traditional fermented dairy product originating in the Caucasus region approximately 2000 years ago and has long been associated with health benefits ranging from anticancer to improvements in chronic metabolic diseases [7•, 8]. Although the study of kefir in the prevention of obesity and other metabolic disorders is a rapidly growing field, it is still relatively new and there is a distinct lack of human clinical trials in this area. There is also large variation in the processes used to genera
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