Laparoscopic skills training: the effects of viewing mode (2D vs. 3D) on skill acquisition and transfer
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and Other Interventional Techniques
Laparoscopic skills training: the effects of viewing mode (2D vs. 3D) on skill acquisition and transfer Kirsty L. Beattie1 · Andrew Hill1,2,3 · Mark S. Horswill1 · Philip M. Grove1 · Andrew R. L. Stevenson4,5 Received: 14 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) visual displays have been suggested to aid laparoscopic skills training by providing the depth cues not present in traditional two-dimensional (2D) displays. However, few studies have robustly investigated the impact of viewing mode (2D vs. 3D) on learning outcomes. Purpose To examine how viewing mode (2D vs. 3D) impacts the acquisition and transferability of basic laparoscopic skills by comparing performance between transfer and control groups on a complete proficiency-based training program. Method A counterbalanced between-subjects design was employed. Each participant was randomly allocated to one of four groups, comprising two transfer groups (trained in one viewing mode and tested in the alternate mode: the 2D → 3D and 3D → 2D groups) and two control groups (trained and tested in one viewing mode: the 2D → 2D and 3D → 3D groups). Participants completed proficiency-based training in six laparoscopic training tasks. Testing included two further repetitions of all tasks under test conditions. Objective performance measures included the total number of repetitions to reach proficiency, and total performance scores (i.e. time + error penalties across all repetitions) in training and testing. Results The groups trained in 3D demonstrated superior training performance (i.e. less time + errors) and took fewer repetitions to reach proficiency than the groups trained in 2D. The groups tested in 3D also demonstrated superior test performance compared to those tested in 2D. However, training mode did not yield significant test differences between the groups tested in 2D (i.e. 2D → 2D vs. 3D → 2D), or between the groups tested in 3D (i.e. 3D → 3D vs. 2D → 3D). Conclusion Novices demonstrate superior performance in laparoscopic skills training using a 3D viewing mode compared to 2D. However, this does not necessarily translate to superior performance in subsequent testing or enhanced learning overall. Rather, test performance appears to be dictated by the viewing mode used during testing, not that of prior training. Keywords 3D laparoscopy · 2D laparoscopy · Surgical skills · Training · Novices · Learning
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-07923-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users. * Kirsty L. Beattie [email protected] 1
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
2
Clinical Skills Development Service, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
3
Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
4
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