Larval Tapeworm Infections in Primates: Coenurosis, Cysticercosis, and Echinococcosis
As globally distributed parasites of humans, livestock, and wildlife, taeniid parasites exploit predator–prey relationships across mammalian systems. Infections with the larval taeniid stage cause symptoms ranging from the neurological (e.g., paralysis, s
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Larval Tapeworm Infections in Primates: Coenurosis, Cysticercosis, and Echinococcosis India Schneider-Crease
Abstract As globally distributed parasites of humans, livestock, and wildlife, taeniid parasites exploit predator–prey relationships across mammalian systems. Infections with the larval taeniid stage cause symptoms ranging from the neurological (e.g., paralysis, seizures) to the ocular (e.g., blindness) and muscular (e.g., atrophy), result in massive economic losses in livestock, and threaten wildlife populations. While taeniids were once considered to be relatively host-specific in their larval stage, reports of taeniid emergence in nontraditional hosts are increasing in frequency. In this chapter, I take a One-Health approach to examining cases of larval taeniid infections in primates, focusing on the infection of wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada) with the larval stage of Taenia serialis. By understanding how taeniid species emerge in nontraditional hosts, we can build useful frameworks for predicting and disrupting transmission and thereby protecting captive and wild NHP, domestic animals, and humans in a world with a broadening human–wildlife interface. Keywords Cestodes · Echinococcus · Geladas · Metacestodes · Parasites · Predators · Taenia · Trophic transmission
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Introduction
Tapeworms in the Taeniidae family (Eucestoda: Cyclophyllidea) are geographically and phylogenetically widespread, infecting a staggering number of mammals and causing widespread mortality, morbidity, and economic losses on nearly every continent (Craig and Pawłowski 2002; Hoberg 2002; Thompson 2017). Within Taeniidae, species in the Taenia and Echinococcus genera are particularly relevant
I. Schneider-Crease (*) Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 S. Knauf, L. Jones-Engel (eds.), Neglected Diseases in Monkeys, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52283-4_14
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to primate (human and nonhuman) and livestock health. Like all Cyclophyllidean tapeworms, Taenia and Echinococcus species require two host species to complete a single life cycle: a definitive host for the sexually reproducing adult stage and an intermediate host for the nonsexually reproducing or asexually reproducing larval stage (also known as the “metacestode” stage) (Abuladze 1964; Loos-Frank 2000; Hoberg 2002; Romig et al. 2017). Unlike most other species within Cyclophyllidea, Taenia and Echinococcus species infect mammalian species in both their larval and adult stages (Hoberg 2002; Romig et al. 2017). Species of both genera exploit predator–prey relationships, a phenomenon known as “predator-mediated transmission” (Robar et al. 2010) or “parasite-increased trophic transmission” (Lafferty 1999), with the definitive-stage infecting carnivorous predators and the intermediate-stage infecting herbivorous intermediate hosts (Hoberg 2002; Romig et al. 2017)
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