LEER: Layer-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

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LEER: Layer-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks Jianlian Zhu 1 & Xiujuan Du 1,2

&

Duoliang Han 1 & Lijuan Wang 1 & Meiju Li 1

Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Acoustic signals are used for communication in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) because radio signals attenuate heavily when propagating in water, while optical signals have large scattering in water. Data transmission in UWSNs faces great challenges due to the characteristics of underwater acoustic channels. Moreover, high energy consumption and long latency bring about increased challenges for the designs of routing protocols in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol called Layer-based Energy-Efficient Routing (LEER) protocol to address the route failure problem with greedy routing, as well as the long end-to-end delay and high energy consumption problems. In LEER, each node extracts the layer field information from hello packets received and updates its own layer to avoid the problem of routing a packet to a void area. All nodes with the LEER protocol forward packets to a sink node without the need for any location information. Simulation results show that the LEER protocol outperforms the depth-based routing (DBR) protocol in terms of the delivery rate and end-to-end delay. Keywords Underwater sensor networks . UWSNs . LEER . Layer-based routing . Void area

1 Introduction Underwater1 Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are usually deployed in underwater environments such as ocean, and promise a broad range of applications such as underwater rescuing, offshore mining, offshore exploration, environmental monitoring, and pollutant content detection [1–3]. In UWSNs, radio and optical signals are not suitable for communication as 1

Extended author information available on the last page of the article.

* Xiujuan Du [email protected] Jianlian Zhu [email protected] Duoliang Han [email protected] Lijuan Wang [email protected] Meiju Li [email protected] 1

School of Computer Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China

2

Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining, China

underwater media. Radio signals attenuate heavily when propagating in water, and thus can only propagate over long distances at ultra-low frequencies (30–300 Hz), which requires large antenna and high transmission power. Optical signals have large scattering in water. Therefore, acoustic signals are used for communication in UWSNs. Compared with terrestrial sensor networks using radio signals, UWSNs using acoustic channels have the characteristics of high latency, high bit error rate (10−3–10−7), low bandwidth, multi-path effect, and highly dynamic network topology. In addition, underwater nodes move with water current or other underwater activities, and it is difficult to recharge or replace the batteries in the nodes. All the above features present a number of challenges to the design of highly efficient and robust routing protocols for UWSNs. In UWSNs, the sensor no