Linear Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
The chapter reviews properties and applications of linear semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). Section 12.1 covers SOA basics, including working principles, material systems, structures and their growth. Booster or inline amplifiers as well as low-nois
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Linear Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers René Bonk, Thomas Vallaitis, Wolfgang Freude, Juerg Leuthold, Richard V. Penty, Anna Borghesani, and Ian F. Lealman
Abstract The chapter reviews properties and applications of linear semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). Section 12.1 covers SOA basics, including working principles, material systems, structures and their growth. Booster or inline amplifiers as well as low-noise preamplifiers are classified. Section 12.2 discusses the influence of parameters like gain, noise figure, gain saturation, gain and phase dynamics, and alpha-factor. In Sect.12.3, the application of a linear SOA as a reach extender in future access networks is addressed. The input power dynamic range is introduced, and measurements for on-off keying and phase shift keying signals are shown. Section 12.4 presents the state of the art for commercially available SOA and includes a treatment of reflective SOAs (RSOA) as well.
René Bonk (¬) Alcatel-Lucent Deutschland AG, Bell Labs/Optical Access, Lorenzstr. 10, 70435 Stuttgart, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Thomas Vallaitis Infinera, 1322 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 e-mail: [email protected] Wolfgang Freude Juerg Leuthold Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Photonics & Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Engesserstr. 5, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Richard Penty Cambridge University Engineering Department, Electrical Engineering, Building, 9 JJ, Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK e-mail: [email protected] Anna Borghesani Ian F. Lealman CIP Technologies, Phoenix House, Adastral Park, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, IP5 3RE, UK e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
H. Venghaus, N. Grote (eds.), Fibre Optic Communication – Key Devices Optical Sciences 161. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20517-0_12, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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12.1 Introduction Linear semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) have attracted much interest in the last few years due to their ability to amplify signals over the whole spectral range from 1250 nm up to 1600 nm at a reasonable cost [1]. Optical fiber communications systems, especially in the metro and access networks, take advantage of semiconductor-based optical amplifiers because of their compact size, high efficiency, the required amplification wavelength region and bandwidth. Currently, SOAs show promise as inline amplifiers (reach extender) in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) applications [2] and in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) [3] to boost a data signal from a directly modulated laser source or to compensate losses in optical switches to name but a few applications. Depending on the desired application, SOAs can offer power gains G exceeding 25 dB [4]. SOAs with a polarization dependent gain (PDG) down to 0.2 dB are available commercially today [5]. Low PDG is important in many cases, for example, within a fiber communications network, the state of polarization of the data signal is typically unk
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