Living with sulfonamides: a diverse range of mechanisms observed in bacteria
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MINI-REVIEW
Living with sulfonamides: a diverse range of mechanisms observed in bacteria Olga C. Nunes 1
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Célia M. Manaia 2
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Boris A. Kolvenbach 3
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Philippe F.-X. Corvini 3
Received: 24 September 2020 / Revised: 18 October 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Sulfonamides are the oldest class of synthetic antibiotics still in use in clinical and veterinary settings. The intensive utilization of sulfonamides has been leading to the widespread contamination of the environment with these xenobiotic compounds. Consequently, in addition to pathogens and commensals, also bacteria inhabiting a wide diversity of environmental compartments have been in contact with sulfonamides for almost 90 years. This review aims at giving an overview of the effect of sulfonamides on bacterial cells, including the strategies used by bacteria to cope with these bacteriostatic agents. These include mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, co-metabolic transformation, and partial or total mineralization of sulfonamides. Possible implications of these mechanisms on the ecosystems and dissemination of antibiotic resistance are also discussed. Key points • Sulfonamides are widespread xenobiotic pollutants; • Target alteration is the main sulfonamide resistance mechanism observed in bacteria; • Sulfonamides can be modified, degraded, or used as nutrients by some bacteria. Keywords Xenobiotic . Biotransformation . Biodegradation . Antibiotic resistance
Introduction Prontosil (sulfamidochrysoidine), a sulfonamide group containing azo dye, was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use in the early 1930s (Gaynes 2017; Sneader 2007). Although first synthesized in the 1900s, the effectiveness of Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-02010982-5. * Olga C. Nunes [email protected] 1
LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Gruendenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
sulfanilamide (para-aminobenzenesulfonamide) in the control of bacterial infections was only demonstrated in 1936, after the discovery that it was a human metabolite of Prontosil (Shambaugh 1966; Sneader 2007). Since then, more than 5000 sulfanilamide derivatives have been developed (Rang et al. 2003). Among these, more than 150 sulfonamides, differing in their heterocyclic ring structure, have been applied in human and veterinary medicine as bacteriostatic drugs (Baran et al. 2011). However, sulfonamide active compounds, which as antimicrobials act through the blockage of folic acid synthesi
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