Local problems and a global solution: examining the recontextualization of CEFR in Thai and Malaysian language policies
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Local problems and a global solution: examining the recontextualization of CEFR in Thai and Malaysian language policies Kristof Savski1 Received: 12 October 2018 / Accepted: 11 October 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Since its publication in 2001, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has become a highly influential means of describing language proficiency. Its spread has, however, been marked by contradictions, since the framework has been appropriated in the service of a variety of different policy agendas. In this paper, I argue that such contradictions are indicative of broader ideological contrasts, which may impact how the framework is implemented at the local scale. By drawing on critical discourse analysis and conceptual history, I analyse a set of recent language policy texts from Thailand and Malaysia, two Asian contexts where CEFR has recently been introduced, to examine how such global ideological struggles connect with local agendas. I find that CEFR has in these multilingual contexts been embedded into a bilingual policy agenda which foregrounds the national language (Thai or Bahasa Malaysia) and English while backgrounding other languages. This means that CEFR was detached from the agenda of the Council of Europe, with the recontextualization of CEFR shown to have been a selective process in which the only part to be consistently transferred were the CEFR levels, which were in this decontextualised form presented as a transnational standard. I argue that these patterns are indicative of a struggle between the global agenda of ELT and its roots in the ideology of neoliberalism, that underlies much of the worldwide spread of CEFR, and a local nationalist agenda attempting to appropriate the framework for its own purposes. Keywords CEFR · Recontextualization · Globalization · Thailand · Malaysia
* Kristof Savski [email protected] 1
Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
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Introduction In 2013 and 2014 respectively, the Malaysian and Thai governments announced that they would begin using the Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR) in the development and implementation of future language policies. By doing so, both governments appear to be following a worldwide trend, with the framework having long ago transcended European borders and become a globalized language policy instrument (Byram and Parmenter 2012). At the local scale, CEFR has seen widespread use in the design of curricula and in the development of teaching materials and tests. In parallel, the framework has also become increasingly associated with the global influence of major ELT textbook producers and testing organizations, which have made significant use of CEFR in the development and marketing of their products (Littlejohn 2012). Additionally, the framework remains associated with the original agenda underlying its development, that of European integration, though this in itself is
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