Location and shape of the apical foramina in posterior teeth: an in-vitro analysis
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Location and shape of the apical foramina in posterior teeth: an in‑vitro analysis Mohnish Zulfikar Manva1 · Riyadh Alroomy1 · Shamama Sheereen2 · Manoj Kumar Hans3 · Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni4 Received: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose To analyze the morphology of shapes and positions of the apical foramina in permanent maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Methods Examination of the apical foramina was performed with a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 10×. The ana‑ tomic parameters evaluated were the shapes of the peripheral contours of the apical foramina (rounded, oval, asymmetric, and semilunar). The location of the apical foramen was recorded as a center, buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal surface. Results Results have shown that the frequency of deviation was 68% in all teeth being assessed, while the most frequent location of the apical foramen was in the center, with 32% followed by distal with 18%. The common shape of apical foramina was round shape in all the teeth. Conclusions The variation in the location and shapes of apical foramina in teeth. The commonest deviation in location of apical foramina was distal and the frequent shape was of a round shape. Keywords Apical foramen teeth · Root · Apex · Stereomicroscope
Introduction A precise comprehension of the apical foramina is as criti‑ cal as the root canal anatomy, and it is a key in the suc‑ cess of endodontic therapy. Woefully, radiographs do not unveil all anatomic characteristics as they are images in two dimensional rather than three dimensional. The majority of the root canals do not meet up with the periodontium, spe‑ cifically at the radiographic apex of those particular teeth. Moreover, the apical foramen does not possess a round shape * Mohnish Zulfikar Manva [email protected] 1
Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al‑Majmaah 11952, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia
2
Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital, Parbhani, India
3
Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Geetanjali Dental and Research Institute, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
4
Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Majamah University, Al‑Majmaah, Riyadh Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
configuration as usually perceived by most [14]. Studies emphasizing morphologic interpretation showed that canals include an oval, semilunar, or uneven shape in the apical third. Furthermore, such studies have depicted that the largest diameter of canals is present over the buccolingual aspect [13]. Change in shape and location of the apex is possible under specific influences on the tooth such pressure exerted by tongue, occlusion, adjacent drifting tooth, etc. These subsequent changes are following the changes in the alveolar bone around the tooth. The occurrence of inevitable resorption on the cemental wall of the apical foramen may be due to the exerted pressure. As a resu
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