Long Noncoding RNAs Structures and Functions
This book presents a common principle of actions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) from points of view at the atomic, molecular, and cellular levels. At the atomic level, chemical studies of ribonucleic acids explain the chemical behavior of lncRNAs. Struc
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Long Noncoding RNAs Structures and Functions
Long Noncoding RNAs
Riki Kurokawa Editor
Long Noncoding RNAs Structures and Functions
Editor Riki Kurokawa Division of Gene Structure and Function Research Center for Genomic Medicine Saitama Medical University Saitama, Japan
ISBN 978-4-431-55575-9 ISBN 978-4-431-55576-6 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55576-6
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944101 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer Japan 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Japan KK is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
In this book the aim is to provide an outline of the molecular mechanism of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Only a small percentage of the human genome stores information on proteins expressed in living cells, whereas more than 95 % of the genome bears “noncoding” DNA sequences. The major transcripts from the noncoding DNA are lncRNAs whose length is greater than 200 bases. These noncoding DNA sequences are heterogeneous—for instance, retrotransposons such as SINE and LINE, pseudogenes, and introns. Therefore, lncRNAs have diverse sequences and should have multivalent secondary structures that still have not been revealed. More than 35,000 lncRNAs are estimated to have been transcribed from the genome, but just 200 of them have been annotated. However, these lncRNAs have been reported to play various roles—for instance, in structures of nuclei, transcriptional regulations, and epigenetic regulations. So far, no one has explained the common principle of the actions of lncRNAs behind such divergent roles of lncRNAs. As presented in this book, the quest is for the solution of the elusive question of whether there is a common principle to explain those actions. The question is approached from five points of view, as follow. In Part I, “Bioinformatics and Other Methodologies for lncRNAs”, two chapters describe these methodologies. Schein and
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