Long-term Neighborhood Effects on Adolescent Outcomes: Mediated through Adverse Childhood Experiences and Parenting Stre
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EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Long-term Neighborhood Effects on Adolescent Outcomes: Mediated through Adverse Childhood Experiences and Parenting Stress Dan Wang1 Jeong-Kyun Choi ●
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Jiwon Shin1
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Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 8 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Past research suggests that neighborhood structural and social environments are important contextual factors associated with children’s development; however, investigations of the long-term effects of neighborhood environments in early childhood on subsequent adolescents’ social and behavioral outcomes remain limited. Further, it is unclear whether and how the home environment as a mediating mechanism links neighborhood conditions and adolescents’ outcomes. Using national surveys from multi-stressed families and census datasets, the present study aims to examine the longitudinal associations between neighborhood concentrated poverty and collective efficacy, mothers’ parenting stress, exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and later adolescent outcomes. Participants included 4898 children (52% boys) and their mothers (48% black, 25 years of age, on average, 64% living in poverty); children born in unmarried families (75% unmarried) were oversampled. The results suggest that neighborhood collective efficacy is associated directly and indirectly (via parenting stress and ACEs) with adolescents’ behavior problems and social skills, and indirectly with their delinquency. Neighborhood concentrated poverty was indirectly related to adolescents’ behavior problems, delinquency, and social skills transmitted through collective efficacy and family processes. Both mothers’ parenting stress and exposure to ACEs were identified as significant mediators. This study highlights the importance of early intervention for high-risk children, programs to build community resilience and reinforce social support for vulnerable families, and policy efforts to create safe and nurturing relationships and environments. Keywords Neighborhood poverty Collective efficacy Adverse childhood experience Adolescent behavior Delinquency Parenting stress ●
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Introduction Neighborhood structural and social environments are important for children’s development (Rowe et al. 2016). Neighborhood structural disadvantage has been identified as a risk factor, suggesting that neighborhoods characterized by disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions may lead to children’s behavior problems (Kim et al. 2019) and delinquency (Wolff et al. 2015). Conversely, neighborhood social capital and collective efficacy serve as a protective
* Jeong-Kyun Choi [email protected] 1
Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
factor to strengthen resilience and provide a positive impact on children’s social emotional development (Choi et al. 2018). Given this evidence from data obtained at a single point in time or over a short period of time, what is less clear is the longi
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