Looking Beyond the Value of Individual Facets of Mindfulness: a Person-Centered Examination of Mindfulness
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Looking Beyond the Value of Individual Facets of Mindfulness: a Person-Centered Examination of Mindfulness Lei Zhu 1
&
Jun Wang 1 & Maya J. Schroevers 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives This study aimed to (1) examine profiles of mindfulness in a large cohort from the general population by disentangling the level and shape effects of mindfulness, (2) identify the demographic predictors (i.e., age, gender, and educational level) of mindfulness profile membership, and (3) examine associations of mindfulness profiles with psychological outcomes (including both positive and negative indicators) and coping strategies (including positive reappraisal and rumination). Methods This cross-sectional observational study included a large representative group of 1727 people from the general Dutch population. To separate the level and shape effects of mindfulness, the bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (BESEM) and latent profile analyses (LPA) were performed. The factor scores of the B-ESEM were used as indicators of LPA. Results Using a combination of B-ESEM and LPA, we identified three profiles that differed on global levels and configurations of mindfulness: profile 1 “average mindfulness” (78.4%), profile 2 “low to average mindfulness” (16.2%), and profile 3 “high non-judgmentally aware” (5.4%). These profiles differed significantly on age, gender, and educational level, with people in profile 3 being older, male, and lower educated. Compared with the other two profiles, people in profile 3 reported the best psychological outcomes and coping strategies. Conclusions Findings provide evidence for the importance of looking at profiles of mindfulness in future observational and intervention studies. Research is needed to test the feasibility and effectiveness of more personalized mindfulness interventions, tailored to specific profiles of mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness profiles . Depressive symptoms . Negative affect . Positive affect . Rumination . Positive reappraisal
Mindfulness refers to the intentional awareness of the moment-to-moment experiences in the here-and-now, with an open, receptive, and non-judgmental attitude (Bishop 2004; Kabat-Zinn 2009). As such, mindfulness is believed to consist of different aspects, including regulating attention, holding an open and non-judging attitude, and being receptive rather than directly react to experiences (Baer et al. 2006). Higher mindfulness has been related to a better psychological functioning across different populations, including college students, community people, individuals with mental health problems, and people with chronic diseases (Keng et al. * Maya J. Schroevers [email protected] 1
School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an China
2
Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 9713AV Groningen The Netherlands
2011). This result mostly comes from variable-centered research, which focused o
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