Low-Cost and High-Speed Eye Tracker
This chapter presents the integration of hardware and open-source software to build a low-cost (US$100) and high-speed eye tracker. With minor modifications of PlayStation 3 Eye (PS3 Eye) camera as the main hardware component and the proper coding adjustm
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Abstract This chapter presents the integration of hardware and open-source software to build a low-cost (US$100) and high-speed eye tracker. With minor modifications of PlayStation 3 Eye (PS3 Eye) camera as the main hardware component and the proper coding adjustments in software interface to CL Eye Platform Driver, offered by open-source Code Laboratories, our low-cost eye tracker runs at the speed of 187 frames per second (fps) in 320 240 resolution, which is at least three times faster than the ordinary low-cost eye trackers usually running between 30 and 60 fps. We have also developed four application programs, which are ISO 9249-Part 9, Gaze Replay, Heat Map, and the Areas of Interest (AOI). Our design is then compared with the low-cost KSL-240 and commercially available high-price (over US$5,000) Tobii under ISO 9249-Part 9 eye-tracking test. The test performance favored ours in terms of response time and correct response rate. Keywords Eye tracker • Open source • Glint • Bright pupil • Dark pupil • Fixation • Saccade
C.-W. Huang Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan Z.-S. Jiang (*) • W.-F. Kao • Y.-L. Huang Department of Applied Electronics Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] J. Juang and Y.-C. Huang (eds.), Intelligent Technologies and Engineering Systems, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 234, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6747-2_50, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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1 Introduction 1.1
Eye-Tracker Overview
An eye tracker is a device used to analyze eye movements, as the eye scans the environment or fixates on particular objects in the scene, and to simultaneously localize the eye position in the image and track its movement from one location to another over time for determining the gaze direction. Eye-tracking technology is a specialized application of computer vision to do such analyses. However, this technology needs sophisticated software to process each image, captured by a high-speed camera, so that the gaze direction (estimated by the pupil center) is obtained, and the mapping from the gaze direction in the image to the screen is calculated to predict the gaze location on the screen. The mapping between the image and the screen is depicted in Fig. 1. The original gazing point A on screen, captured in the image I, constitutes vector GP, which is mapped back to obtain vector OS on the screen. The coordinates of S(sx,sy) and mapping error Err (in angle degree) between S and A can be calculated from the coordinates of G(x,y). The mapping calculation is discussed in more detail in the next section [1].
1.2
Cameras and Open-Source Software
Observing from the eye-tracker overview, the high-speed camera and the R&D in software integration might be the main costs to keep the commercial eye-tracker
Fig. 1 Mapping from the pupil center to screen
Low-Cost and High-Speed Eye Tracker
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Table 1 Low-cost and commercial eye trackers Eye tracker
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