Magnet-Targeted Delivery and Imaging
Magnetic nanoparticles, in combination with applied magnetic fields, can non-invasively focus delivery of small-molecule drugs and human cells to specific regions of the anatomy. This emerging technology could solve one of the main challenges in therapy d
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duction Magnetic nanoparticles, in combination with applied magnetic fields, can non-invasively focus delivery of small-molecule drugs and human cells to specific regions of the anatomy. This emerging technology could solve one of the main challenges in therapy development: delivery of a high concentration of the therapeutic agent to the target organ or tissue whilst reducing systemic dosing and off-target side effects. Several challenges, however, must be met before this technology can be applied either effectively or safely in the clinic to augment therapies. Multiple nanoparticle features interact to influence the efficiency of magnet- targeted delivery, and so their design will have a large influence on the success of therapeutic targeting. For example iron oxide core size and composition affect the type (superparamagnetism/ferrimagnetism/antiferromagnetism) and strength of magnetism, and thus the amount of force that can be applied by an external magnetic field. Furthermore, particle behaviour within biological systems can be affected by particle size and coating, including their cell uptake, extravasation rate, circulation time, clearance, aggregation, and degradation. To assess the impact of these factors on particle biodistribution and success of delivery, it is useful to be able to image nanoparticles non-invasively with a clinically
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Author contributed equally with all other contributors.
P.S. Patrick • C. Payne • T.L. Kalber • M.F. Lythgoe (*) Division of Medicine, UCL Centre of Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, Paul O’Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK e-mail: [email protected] Q.A. Pankhurst UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 J.W.M. Bulte, M.M.J. Modo (eds.), Design and Applications of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42169-8_6
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available imaging modality. One solution to this is the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is sensitive to the presence of magnetic particles, such as iron oxide, in most biological tissue. This can give high-resolution anatomical information on particle location, providing a translatable method to confirm delivery success. However, MRI lacks the quantitative ability to assess whole-body biodistribution, and so the incorporation of other imaging agents, such as radionuclides, into particles could also be beneficial (see Chap. 10). Preclinical researchers have investigated the use of magnetic targeting-based therapies across a wide range of conditions, and positive results have been reported [1, 2]. Furthermore, improved drug delivery to tumours has been demonstrated in the small number of clinical trials completed to date [3, 4]. Other potential cancer therapy applications include embolization and the delivery of radiotherapy agents, as well as the heating of targeted magnetic particles using alternating current magnetic fields for hypert
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