Management and Sustainable Development of Coastal Zone Environments
Coastal areas face increasing pressures from land use change, developmental activities, shoreline erosion, biodiversity losses and natural calamities. This volume addresses these issues facilitating the integrated analysis of the sustainability of coastal
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Management and Sustainable Development of Coastal Zone Environments Edited by
AL. Ramanathan School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
P. Bhattacharya Department of Land and Water Resource Engineering Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
T. Dittmar Max Planck Research Group for Marine Geochemistry University of Oldenburg, ICBM, Germany
M. Bala Krishna Prasad Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland, USA
B.R. Neupane UNESCO, New Delhi, India
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-3067-2 (HB) ISBN 978-90-481-3068-9 (e-book)
Copublished by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands with Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, New York 10013, USA. In all other countries, except India, sold and distributed by Springer, Haberstrasse 7, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany. In India, sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, Mahaveer Street, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110 002, India. www.springer.com
Cover photo credit: Photograph of Pichavaram mangroves of Tamilnadu taken by Rajesh Kumar Ranjan.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2010 Capital Publishing Company No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in India.
Foreword Coastal zones are considered as an interface between sea and land. Life forms adapted to the special environmental conditions have evolved. The natural habitats of the shoreline are very varied but also very small in area, and have been shrinking fast for several decades. Coastal ecosystems tend to have very high biological productivity. The reproduction and nursery grounds of most fish and shellfish species of economic value are in the coastal strip, and a significant proportion of the catch of these species comes from this area, which accounts for almost half of the jobs in the fisheries sector. The quality of coastal waters is a major cause for concern. The two most spectacular phenomena in recent years, oil slicks and algal blooms, are illustrations of the fact that coastal communities frequently suffer the consequences of events or developments occurring inland or offshore and therefore beyond their control. Human settlement of the coastal zones and utilisation of their natural resources since early times has created unique forms of rural and urban landscapes, reflecting cultures centred on trade and largely oriented towards the outside. Unfortunately, urbanisation and uniform agricultural and industrial developments have considerably redu
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