Management of waste sheep wool as valuable organic substrate in European Union countries
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REVIEW
Management of waste sheep wool as valuable organic substrate in European Union countries Blaž Petek1 · Romana Marinšek Logar1 Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Sheep wool is keratin-rich by-product of sheep breeding and textile industry. Due to complex structure of keratin, this wastes are quite resistant to degradation and represent a serious environmental problem. Waste wool is often converted to different hydrolysates, which are mainly prepared by environmental unfriendly physico-chemical treatments, resulting in destruction of some amino acids and energy loss. Use of biotechnological approaches, such as microbial or enzymatic pretreatment, and composting, can significantly reduce the environmental impact, and produce useful products, such as fertilizers or substrates for biogas production, and high-added value products (peptides, amino acids and keratinolytic enzymes). In this review we compare different ways of waste wool processing, focused on biotechnological applications. Keywords Waste wool · Wool keratin · Keratinolytic microorganisms · Keratinases · Wool hydrolysate
Introduction Enormous amounts of organic waste and by-products are generated worldwide, each year. Wastes from slaughterhouses, meat and poultry plants (e.g. viscera, skin remains, meat trimmings, bones, blood, bristle, horns, hooves, animal hair, feathers, etc.), wool textile industry (poor-quality raw wool, inappropriate for spinning), contains a lot of fibrous proteins such as collagen, elastin and keratin, and need to be properly managed [1–3]. Keratinolytic enzymes can play an important role in degradation of keratin-rich wastes from different industries, through the non-polluting processes [4]. Keratin waste is classified as category 3 material in regulation (EC) 1774/2002 of European Parliament and Council of 3rd October 2002 laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption. Feeding of domestic animals with animal flour as protein supplement in feed mixture, prepared from animal wastes * Romana Marinšek Logar [email protected] Blaž Petek [email protected] 1
Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
by treatment at high temperatures and milled to powder, is strictly prohibited, in European Union (EU) countries, because of the association with some diseases (swine fever, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, etc.) [5]. Due to the inefficient utilization of keratinrich wastes, they are accumulated and need environmental friendly, economically sound and safe methods of decontamination and disposal [5, 6]. The aim of this study is to review the ways of waste sheep wool management, focused on biotechnological approaches for waste wool processing, like wool composting, fertilization, biogas production and production of keratinolytic enzymes an
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