Mass concentration and elemental content of PM 10 during painting/sketching activities in a university classroom
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Mass concentration and elemental content of PM10 during painting/ sketching activities in a university classroom S. E. Chatoutsidou1 · C. Pantelaki1 · I. Kopanakis1 · D. Andreadakis2 · S. Petroulakis2 · M. Lazaridis1 Received: 8 May 2020 / Revised: 27 August 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract PM10 concentration and its elemental content were measured inside a university classroom where painting and sketching activities took place. The primary goal was to investigate the impact of these activities to (1) indoor P M10 concentrations, (2) identify PM10 levels in the presence/absence of the activities and (3) investigate the corresponding impact on its elemental content. As such, indoor online measurements and 24-h gravimetric measurements took place at short-term fixed periods. Outdoor PM10 concentrations were also available. It was found that PM10 levels were substantially increased during the occupied hours with average PM10 during activity ranged between 19 and 171 μg/m3, whereas during background periods it ranged between 12 and 66 μg/m3. Moreover, indoor concentrations during the activity were usually higher compared to outdoor levels, but the opposite behavior was found for background periods. Regarding the elemental content, positive correlations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba) found predominantly in the coarser fraction were associated with the use of painting powders. On the other hand, metals like Cr, Mn, Fe and Ni were primarily associated with anthropogenic sources, while the crustal origin of Ti, Mg and Al dominated indoors for particles > 1 μm. Other correlations between elements in the submicron fraction suggested origin from soil and anthropogenic sources as well as aged painting-originated particles. In summary, the present study demonstrated the significant impact of painting/sketching activities to indoor P M10 levels. Direct emissions from the use of powders as well as resuspension activities of the occupants were identified as the major indoor sources that provoked elevated concentrations. Keywords PM10 · Elemental concentration · Painting · Sketching · Indoor activities
Introduction Indoor air quality is defined as the study of air quality in closed spaces. Therefore, it includes all different types of indoor environments from commercial buildings to private households. Indoor airborne particles may originate from outdoors through infiltration (natural or anthropogenic particles) or from indoor sources (Morawska and Salthammer 2003). Indoor sources include either the direct release of newly formed particles or entrainment of settled particles Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia. * S. E. Chatoutsidou [email protected] 1
School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
School of Architectural Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
2
from indoor surfaces. Conventionally, researchers considered outdoor air pollution as a leading factor that
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