Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Developmental Delay at Age 2: A Diverse Population-Based Longitudinal Study
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Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Developmental Delay at Age 2: A Diverse Population‑Based Longitudinal Study Tamar Nazerian Chorbadjian1,2 · Alexis Deavenport‑Saman1,3 · Chandra Higgins4 · Shin Margaret Chao4 · Jeffrey H. Yang1,3 · Irene Koolwijk5 · Douglas L. Vanderbilt1,3
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives Children raised by depressed mothers perform lower on measures of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral skills, compared to children of non-depressed mothers. It is unclear how maternal depressive symptoms (MDS), which persist and accrue over time, impact child development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cumulative MDS from pre-pregnancy to postpartum influences child development in children by age 2.5. Methods Using a longitudinal population-based study design, 2679 racially and ethnically diverse mothers completed the 2014 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) and 2016 Follow-Up surveys. A total MDS score was created based on responses to standardized questions, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). Data was collected for before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and 4 months postpartum in the 2014 survey, and at 2.5 years postpartum in the 2016 survey. Child development was measured using the CDC’s Learn the Signs. Act Early Milestones Checklist. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted. Results The prevalence of any cumulative MDS was 45.2%. Language, cognitive/adaptive, motor, and social-emotional delays for surveyed toddlers were 7.7%, 4.0%, 1.2%, and 14.2%. After adjusting for covariates, mothers reporting depressive symptoms at all four time points were significantly more likely to report a social-emotional delay in their child (aOR = 4.39, 95% CI − 1.72 to 11.18). Conclusions for Practice Mothers with cumulative depressive symptoms are at-risk of reporting social-emotional delays by age 2.5. Understanding these effects may help direct resources to target interventions that support mothers with depressive symptoms early-on and promote positive developmental outcomes among their children. Keywords Maternal depression · Child development · Social-emotional development · Language · Cognitive/adaptive skills
Significance * Tamar Nazerian Chorbadjian [email protected] 1
Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
2
Present Address: Kaiser Permanente Baldwin Park, 1011 Baldwin Park Blvd., Baldwin Park, CA 91706, USA
3
Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
4
Los Angeles Department of Public Health, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health Programs, 600 S. Commonwealth Av #800, Los Angeles, CA 90005, USA
5
Department of General Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Medical Plaza, Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
What is Already Known on this Subject? Perinatal and postpartum depression negatively impact children’s social
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