Measuring and analysing terminal capacity in East Africa: The case of the seaport of Dar es Salaam
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Measuring and analysing terminal capacity in East Africa: The case of the seaport of Dar es Salaam J o h n L a y a a a,b a n d W o u t D u l l a e r t b,c a Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute, Sokoine Drive, PO Box 6727, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. b Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] c VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Measuring capacity and capacity utilisation at seaport terminals is essential to ensure efficient utilisation of the infra- and superstructure of the seaport. Most of the methods that have so far been used to measure capacity utilisation are not easy to comprehend for a common seaport operator. Most of the methods are also data intensive and therefore not suited for developing countries. This article attempts to use well-known standard queuing models to measure capacity utilisation in a seaport using the seaport of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) as a case study. Historical data on terminal performance for the general cargo and the container terminal have been collected to validate the model. Based on standard queuing models it has been found that terminal capacity for both terminals is being underutilised and that, as a result, ships are being subjected to unnecessarily long waiting times; a conclusion backed up by a more detailed simulation model. Although some assumptions on which common queuing models have been derived may not hold true in practice, it is argued that standard queuing models can be used as a quick scan for evaluating seaport terminal capacity utilisation. If accurate measurement is needed, more data may need to be collected to determine the actual ship arrivals and service time distributions and develop an appropriate simulation model. The methodology developed in this article, although validated using port performance data for the port of Dar es Salaam, is directly applicable to any other seaport.
Maritime Economics & Logistics (2014) 16, 141–164. doi:10.1057/mel.2013.23; published online 9 January 2014
Keywords: Seaport; terminal capacity; waiting time; service time; berth occupancy © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 1479-2931 Maritime Economics & Logistics www.palgrave-journals.com/mel/
Vol. 16, 2, 141–164
Layaa and Dullaert
Introduction Seaborne trade enables a nation to gain access to international markets to sell and source products and materials contributing to the economic development of that nation. Seaports are a crucial element in seaborne trade as they provide an interface between maritime and land transport and thus a gateway for imports and exports for a country or region. Seaports therefore influence the total logistics costs of moving goods from suppliers to end customers. According to Magala and Sammons (2008), shippers choose a seaport that is embedded in a logistics pathway that minimises total logistics costs. The choice of a seaport is therefore interrelated with the choice of an ocean carrier and the qualit
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