Mechanistic Insights into Strigolactone Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Regulation During Plant Growth and Development
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Mechanistic Insights into Strigolactone Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Regulation During Plant Growth and Development Kaiser Iqbal Wani1 · Andleeb Zehra1 · Sadaf Choudhary1 · M. Naeem1 · M. Masroor A. Khan1 · Christian Danve M. Castroverde2 · Tariq Aftab1 Received: 6 February 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Strigolactones (SLs) constitute a group of carotenoid-derived phytohormones with butenolide moieties. These hormones are involved in various functions, including regulation of secondary growth, shoot branching and hypocotyl elongation, and stimulation of seed germination. SLs also control hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and mediate responses to both abiotic and biotic cues. Most of these functions stem from the interplay of SLs with other hormones, enabling plants to appropriately respond to changing environmental conditions. This dynamic interplay provides opportunities for phytohormones to modulate and augment one another. In this article, we review our current mechanistic understanding of SL biosynthesis, receptors, and signaling. We also highlight recent advances regarding the interaction of SLs with other hormones during developmental processes and stress conditions. Keywords Carotenoid-derived phytohormone · Butenolide moieties · Phytohormone crosstalk · Strigolactone biosynthesis · Strigolactone receptors · Strigolactone signaling
Introduction Strigolactones (SLs) comprise a novel class of phytohormones first discovered as germination inducers of various parasitic plant species (Cook et al. 1966; Kohlen et al. 2011). Their name originates from their role in stimulating Striga (parasitic witchweeds) germination and from their characteristic lactone ring structure. The first isolated Striga seed germination inducers were strigyl acetate and strigol from Gossypium hirsutum L. (Cook et al. 1966). Retrospectively, SLs were first indicated as phytohormones through their presence as unknown graft-transmissible signals that suppressed Pisum sativum shoot branching (Beveridge et al. 1994). Signal-deficient mutants showed a hyper branching phenotype that was independent of known phytohormones, like cytokinins and auxins (Koltai 2014).
* Tariq Aftab [email protected] 1
Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
2
Two research groups then independently identified SLs as new phytohormones regulating the shoot branching phenotypes (Gomez-Roldan et al. 2008; Umehara et al. 2008). Plant shoot branching is inhibited by endogenous SL production or exogenous SL application in these hyper branching mutants (Umehara et al. 2008) (Fig. 1). Root and shoot extracts of various species, including Arabidopsis, contain various types, combinations, and levels of SL molecules (Goldwasser et al. 2008; Koltai and Beveridge 2013; Kapulnik and Koltai. 2014; Saeed et al. 2017; Bürger and Chory 2020). To regulate shoot bra
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