Mesenchymal stem cell-based cell-free strategies: safe and effective treatments for liver injury
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REVIEW
Open Access
Mesenchymal stem cell-based cell-free strategies: safe and effective treatments for liver injury Chenxia Hu1,2†, Lingfei Zhao3,4,5†, Lingjian Zhang1,2†, Qiongling Bao1,2† and Lanjuan Li1,2*
Abstract Various hepatoxic factors, such as viruses, drugs, lipid deposition, and autoimmune responses, induce acute or chronic liver injury, and 3.5% of all worldwide deaths result from liver cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation is currently limited by few liver donors, expensive surgical costs, and severe immune rejection. Cell therapy, including hepatocyte transplantation and stem cell transplantation, has recently become an attractive option to reduce the overall need for liver transplantation and reduce the wait time for patients. Recent studies showed that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration was a promising therapeutic approach for promoting liver regeneration and repairing liver injury by the migration of cells into liver sites, hepatogenic differentiation, immunoregulation, and paracrine mechanisms. MSCs secrete a large number of molecules into the extracellular space, and soluble proteins, free nucleic acids, lipids, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) effectively repair tissue injury in response to fluctuations in physiological states or pathological conditions. Cell-free-based therapies avoid the potential tumorigenicity, rejection of cells, emboli formation, undesired differentiation, and infection transmission of MSC transplantation. In this review, we focus on the potential mechanisms of MSC-based cell-free strategies for attenuating liver injury in various liver diseases. Secretome-mediated paracrine effects participate in the regulation of the hepatic immune microenvironment and promotion of hepatic epithelial repair. We look forward to completely reversing liver injury through an MSC-based cell-free strategy in regenerative medicine in the near future. Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cell, Cell-free, Treatment, Liver injury, Cell death
Introduction Various hepatoxic factors, such as viruses, drugs, lipid deposition, and autoimmune responses, induce acute or chronic liver injury, [1, 2] and 3.5% of all worldwide deaths result from liver cirrhosis, liver failure, or * Correspondence: [email protected] † Chenxia Hu, Lingfei Zhao, Lingjian Zhang and Qiongling Bao contributed equally to this work. 1 Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, |The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China 2 National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
hepatocellular carcinoma [3]. Orthotopic liver transplantation is performed in end-stage liver disease when the remanent liver tissue is unable
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