Metabolic changes associated with differential salt tolerance in sorghum genotypes
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Metabolic changes associated with differential salt tolerance in sorghum genotypes Daniel Farias de Oliveira1 · Lineker de Sousa Lopes1 · Enéas Gomes‑Filho1 Received: 14 January 2020 / Accepted: 29 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Main conclusion Accumulation of specific metabolites, mainly γ-aminobutyric acid, polyamines, and proline, was essential to homeostasis regulation and differential salt tolerance in sorghum genotypes. Abstract Salinity is severe abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development in arid and semi-arid regions. Survival to abiotic stresses depends on metabolic and sometimes even morphological adjustments. We measured the growth parameters, water relations, the content of ions (Na+, K+, Cl–), compatible solutes [some free amino acids (FAAs) including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and proline and soluble carbohydrates) and polyamines (PAs), the activity of PAs metabolism enzymes, and metabolomic profile in plants after 14 days of salt stress treatment. These analyses were to evaluate the influence of metabolomic responses of sorghum genotypes exhibiting sensitivity (CSF18) or tolerance (CSF20) to salinity on plant growth. The salinity promoted growth reductions and induced increases in N a+ and Cl– content and decreases in K + content. The water status and osmotic potential (Ψo) were reduced by salt stress, but to minimize damage, especially in the CSF20, the osmolytes and PAs contributed to the osmotic adjustment. The results showed that salinity induced an increase in putrescine (Put) in the sensitive genotype. However, it raised spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), and cadaverine (Cad) in the tolerant genotype. In addition, the regulation of polyamine oxidase can be related to Spm and GABA biosynthesis. Differential metabolic changes to salt tolerance include metabolites associated with tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and the metabolisms of sugars, FAAs, and PAs. Keywords Abiotic stress · GABA · Osmotic adjustment · Polyamine metabolism · Proline · Sorghum bicolor [L.] moench Abbreviations ADC Arginine decarboxylase Cad Cadaverine Communicated by Dorothea Bartels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03437-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Enéas Gomes‑Filho [email protected]
DAO Diamine oxidase PAO Polyamine oxidase DM Dry mass FAAs Free amino acids GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid PAs Polyamines Put Putrescine Spd Spermidine Spm Spermine Ψo Osmotic potential
Daniel Farias de Oliveira [email protected]
Introduction
Lineker de Sousa Lopes [email protected]
Soil salinity is one of the most limiting abiotic stresses on crop productivity and a severe threat to agricultural sustainability globally. The problem of salinity and sodicity affects about 10% of the global arable land and nearly 35% of the irrigated areas, resulting in a total annual loss of $27 billion
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