Metaphor Networks The Comparative Evolution of Figurative Language
Metaphor Networks focuses on the historical evolution of metaphor and proposes new theories on language change based on substantial empirical data. It explores how the metaphors of today are very often linked to images existing in the past and traces meta
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Richard Trim
Metaphor Networks
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Metaphor Networks The Comparative Evolution of Figurative Language
Richard Trim Université de Provence
© Richard Trim 2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-0-230-50751-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-35350-7 ISBN 978-0-230-28755-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230287556
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trim, Richard, 1950Metaphor networks: the comparative evolution of figurative language / Richard Trim. p. cm. 1. Metaphor. 2. Historical linguistics. 3. Language and culture. I. Title. P301.5.M48T75 2007 415–dc22 10 16
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In memory of Kitty who first awakened my interest in language at the age of ten
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Contents List of Figures
x
List of Tables
xii
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgements
Part I 1
xv
Synchronic Networking
The Role of Cognition 1.1 Historical origins 1.2 Defining metaphor 1.3 The history of ideas on approaches to metaphor and cognitive science 1.4 Prototype metaphor 1.5 Metaphor scenarios
13 15 21
2
Universal Trends 2.1 Conceptual metaphor and linguistic form 2.2 The body and universal metaphor 2.3 The drugs metaphors network 2.4 The cross-language dimension 2.5 The universality of personification
28 28 30 33 36 47
3
Culture-specific Conceptualisation 3.1 Universals and culture 3.2 The American cultural model of marriage 3.3 Cultural transfer of metaphor 3.4 Interaction between language and cultural environment 3.5 Determining universal or cultural sources 3.6 Colour metaphors
49 49 50 51
Conceptual Equivalence and
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