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ORIGINAL PAPER

Mezoneuron benthamianum inhibits cell adherence, hyphae formation, and phospholipase production in Candida albicans S. Nciki1 · O. O. Oderinlo2 · Z. Gulube1 · P. M. Osamudiamen3 · K. C. Idahosa4 · Mrudula Patel5  Received: 24 January 2020 / Revised: 11 June 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, antifungal, and anti-virulence activities of traditionally used Mezoneuron benthamianum leaves. Extracts were prepared using acetone and methanol, and the preliminary phytochemical screening was performed. The antioxidant activity was studied using the DPPH method. Anti-Candida albicans activity was established and the effect on the germ tube and phospholipase production, as well as on the host cell adherence was assessed. The extracts showed the presence of anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. Gallic acid and trans-resveratrol were among the predominant phytochemicals found in M. benthamianum. The crude extracts presented significantly higher antioxidant activity than the ascorbic acid standard. At 0.39 mg/mL, acetone extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. At lower concentrations (200–50 µg/ mL), it significantly inhibited the adherence ability (up to 51%), formation of hyphae (up to 65%), and the production of phospholipase. In conclusion, at high concentrations, M. benthamianum kills C. albicans, and at lower concentrations, it can inhibit the virulence properties of this pathogen. This study on crude extract validates the traditional use of this plant. However, further research is required to establish the anti-virulence activity of the two compounds and their therapeutic potential. Keywords  C. albicans · Adherence · Hyphae · Phospholipase · Mezoneuron benthamianum · Antioxidant

Introduction

Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (https​://doi.org/10.1007/s0020​3-020-01972​-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Many species of the Candida genus cause superficial to deepseated infections in humans. Superficial infections such as oral and vaginal candidiasis, and skin infections are generally not very serious. However, infections of the internal organs and systemic infections can be life threatening. Among many causative Candida species, Candida albicans is the most prevalent and frequently isolated species. Although it is a commensal, 1



S. Nciki [email protected]

Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

2



O. O. Oderinlo [email protected]

Department of Chemistry, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa, Nigeria

3



Z. Gulube [email protected]

Department of Chemical and Food Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota,