Mixed infection of plant viruses: diagnostics, interactions and impact on host
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REVIEW
Mixed infection of plant viruses: diagnostics, interactions and impact on host Pankhuri Singhal1 · Sajad Un Nabi2 · Manoj Kumar Yadav3 · Abhishek Dubey4 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft 2020
Abstract Globally, viral diseases cause huge economic losses in crops and their management is a big challenge to growers as well as researchers. Mixed infection is the existence of more than one virus in single plant, which results in varied symptoms at the same time. The presence of more than one virus always leads to difficulty in understanding the etiology of disease. Most of the viral diseases go unnoticed either due to the latent nature of infection of virus(es) or due to low severity of symptoms. But this might be true in case of single infection of the host by the concerned virus. When such viruses are seen causing infection in combination with other viruses at particular time, more severe disease symptoms can be observed. For any successful management of viral disease especially during mixed infection, detection and identification of plant viruses causative of the disease are of foremost importance. Several approaches like cocktail ELISA, multiplex PCR for known viruses and next-generation sequencing for both known and unknown viruses have been developed for detection of mixed infection of viruses. During mixed infection, several kinds of interaction commonly referred to as synergistic or antagonistic interactions are going on between and among the viruses, which aggravate the disease with more severe symptoms than with single infections. Here, we review the mixed infection of viruses, methods of detection, factors influencing, interactions and impact on plant during mixed infection. Keywords Virus · Host · Vector · Detection
Introduction Viruses are molecular pathogens and are ubiquitous in nature, found to be associated with wild as well as cultivated plants. According to the tenth ICTV report (2018b. v1), among the total viruses recorded, the plant viruses are grouped into 26 families, 118 genera, with 1516 plant virus species. Plant viruses pose a grave threat to the world agriculture due to frequent recombination events leading to the generation of new species and difficulty in understanding * Pankhuri Singhal [email protected] 1
Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
2
ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar 191132, India
3
ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
4
ICAR-Division of Crop Research, Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar 14, India
the disease caused by them in host due to varied symptoms. There has been an increase in the viral disease problems in the world due to large-scale free movement of planting material, changes in environmental conditions majorly due to global warming as well as increase in demand of agricultural produce in international trade. The losses can be quantified in terms of yiel
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