Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Sarcopenia, Muscle Healthy Aging and Physical Conditioning in the Elderly
- PDF / 1,219,653 Bytes
- 12 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 32 Downloads / 181 Views
REVIEW ARTICLE
Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Sarcopenia, Muscle Healthy Aging and Physical Conditioning in the Elderly Ester Sara Di Filippo1,2 · Danilo Bondi1 · Tiziana Pietrangelo1 · Giorgio Fanò‑Illic2,3 · Stefania Fulle1,2 Received: 8 November 2019 / Accepted: 16 April 2020 © Beijing Sport University 2020
Abstract During aging, the skeletal muscle tissue is one of the most affected, undergoing loss of mass and function, a process defined as sarcopenia. This age-related muscle mass and function decline, dependent on many factors, predispose individuals to decreased mobility, reduced muscle power and increased risk of falls. Several factors at the cellular and molecular level affect muscle aging, synergizing with each other. At present, it is broadly accepted that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a primary role in the aging process, especially in those tissues like skeletal muscle, where the generation of free radicals is more pronounced as a consequence of the high consumption of oxygen. Recently, several studies have highlighted the involvement of muscle stem cells (satellite cells, SCs) in the progression of sarcopenia, showing a concomitant regression of activity and number of these cells. At a sub-cellular level, the main processes correlated with sarcopenia are the alteration of protein synthesis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Attempts to slow down or revert sarcopenia are essentially based on three approaches: use of supplements, pharmaceutical therapies and physical activity. In brief, it seems that appropriate physical exercise training protocols could be capable of slowing down and sometimes reversing the sarcopenic process. This finding is the consequence of a beneficial action of physical exercise on mitochondria and/or on the regenerative process led by SCs with different effects on the basis of training characteristics. Furthermore, according to a recent hypothesis, early strength training should be considered as public health advice. Keywords Sarcopenia · Physical exercise · Satellite cells · Redox homeostasis · Protein balance
Introduction In the paradigm of healthy aging, elderly need to maintain independence in the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and to maintain a satisfactory Quality of Life (QOL). In this regard, the low level of physical activity engagement is a fundamental flaw of modern societies. Considering the increasing percentage of elderly, the associated issues represent a social and public health issue. Physical activity is defined as bodily movements that are produced by skeletal muscles * Stefania Fulle [email protected] 1
Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G.d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
2
Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University “G.d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
3
Libera Università di Alcatraz, Santa Cristina of Gubbio, Perugia, Italy
and result in energy expenditure; examples of this include walking and house chores, as well as other leisure,
Data Loading...
