Morphological analysis of transformer Kraft paper impregnated with dielectric nanofluids
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Morphological analysis of transformer Kraft paper impregnated with dielectric nanofluids Daniel Pe´rez-Rosa
. Bele´n Garcı´a . Juan Carlos Burgos . Adrı´an Febrero
Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 8 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The use of dielectric nanofluids has been recently proposed as a method to improve the insulation system of transformers. It has been widely reported that these liquids present superior dielectric properties than conventional dielectric liquids and have a better behavior as cooling agents. Nevertheless some aspects need to be addressed before these materials are applicable to real equipment. This paper analyzes the interaction between dielectric nanofluids and the cellulose materials that constitute the solid insulation of transformers. The impregnation process
of a transformer has been emulated in order to obtain samples of solid insulation impregnated with a Fe3 O4 based nanofluid. The samples have been subjected to ICP testing and Cryo-SEM observation, complemented with the determination of the EDX sprectrum. The interaction between the nanoparticles and the cellulose fibers has been investigated finding that bonds are established between them when cellulose is impregnated with nanofluids.
D. Pe´rez-Rosa (&) B. Garcı´a J. C. Burgos A. Febrero Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda de la Universidad n 30, 28911 Legane´s, Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Power transformers Kraft paper Nanofluids Cryo-SEM Mineral oil Fe3 O4 nanoparticles
Introduction Power transformers are one of the most important components of an electrical system. They are responsible for raising the voltage level of the energy in order to transport it with low power losses and to reduce the voltage level near to consumption points. The reliability of these elements is vital for the adequate operation of the electrical network and in some cases, transformer faults have led to power outages and severe accidents which result in high economic losses (Martin et al. 2019; Marks et al. 2016; Martin et al. 2017). One of the main elements that makes possible the safe operation of transformers is the insulation system, which is divided into liquid and solid insulation. Transformer solid insulation is composed of different types of cellulose based materials such as Kraft paper and pressboard (Heathcote 2007). The liquid insulation is commonly mineral oil, which is a petroleum derivative, although other fluids are starting to be used such as natural and synthetic esters. In the last decade, the addition of nanoparticles (NPs) to transformer liquid insulation has been proposed as an attempt to improve the electrical and thermal properties of conventional insulating liquids (Segal and Raj 1998; Wang and Xu 1999; ¨ zerinc¸ et al. 2010). The development of liquids with O
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superior dielectric and thermal properties could lead to the manufacturing of transformers with
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