Multivariate Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and
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Multivariate Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn in Pepper Samples by ICP OES Raimundo R. Gamela 1 & Vinícius C. Costa 1 & Edenir R. Pereira-Filho 1 Received: 16 December 2018 / Accepted: 30 April 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract In the present study, a simple and fast procedure using ultrasound-assisted extraction was developed for the determination of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn in pepper samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). For the optimization of variables, the procedure used was the factorial design (23) and the conditions evaluated and optimized were concentration of nitric acid (1 mol L−1), sonication time (5 min), and sonication temperature (40 °C). A certified reference material (CRM) of tomato leaves (NIST 1573a) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed procedure by ultrasoundassisted extraction. The obtained concentration values were concordant with the certified values based on Student t test at 95% of confidence level. Therefore, the optimized conditions were applied to determine the analytes in five pepper samples, and the concentration values ranged between 1639 and 4861 mg kg−1 (Ca), 51 and 196 mg kg−1 (Fe), 558 and 13,050 mg kg−1 (K), 553 and 1662 mg kg−1 (Mg), 7 and 46 mg kg−1 (Mn), 2306 and 3793 mg Kg−1 (P), and 8–21 mg kg−1 (Zn). Keywords Factorial design . Ultrasound-assisted extraction . ICP OES . Pepper samples
Introduction Nowadays, due to the change of life style, people are worried to find food alternatives rich in different nutrients, focusing on good quality of life. In this sense, peppers are some of the spices used as an additive food for the human diet due to its different bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, vitamin C, and provitamin A (Bae et al. 2012; Emboscado 2015; D’Archivio et al. 2016; Agostini-Costa et al. 2017). These compounds provide positive effects on human health, e.g., prevention of gastric ulcer, stimulation of the immune system, potential action against cancers, and protection against agerelated macular degeneration (Materska and Perucka 2005; Sun et al. 2007). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01524-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Edenir R. Pereira-Filho [email protected] 1
Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, São Paulo State 13565-905, Brazil
Furthermore, peppers can be rich in macro- and micronutrients such as calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphor (P), and zinc (Zn). All these elements are considered essential and indispensable for human health maintenance (Abuajah et al. 2014). In human body, these elements play different biological functions such as energetic metabolism, oxygen transport, fortification of the skeleton, participation in b
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