Nanomaterials-based flexible and stretchable bioelectronics
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troduction Significant effort has been directed at the development of functional nanomaterials for state-of-the-art device components, such as transistors,1–4 memory,5–7 light-emitting devices,8–12 sensors and actuators,13–16 and electrochemical energy devices,17–21 to overcome the performance limitations imposed by the use of conventional materials. Additionally, the fabrication of multifunctional flexible22–26 and stretchable27–32 electronic systems via the integration of such nanomaterial-based deformable device components33–35 has also attracted substantial attention. The functionalization of nanomaterials to improve biocompatibility has allowed for safe biomedical applications of these soft integrated electronic systems. These research efforts have significantly facilitated overall technological development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics.36–39 Yet, many challenges remain for the widespread utilization of nanomaterials-based flexible and stretchable devices and their integration into systems for wearable40–44 and implantable45–49 bioelectronics applications.
Recently, various research groups capable of synthesizing nanomaterials with diverse sizes/dimensions or functionalizing their surfaces to suit specific biomedical application conditions have relentlessly pursued high standards to improve the potential of nanomaterials-based bioelectronics up to the level of practical clinical applications.50–53 For example, carbonnanomaterials-based electrodes54–57 comprising graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed and optimized by controlling the growth conditions. The surfaces of these electrodes were functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to increase their biocompatibility under in vivo conditions. Surface modification with PEG allowed the electrical and mechanical characteristics of carbon nanomaterials to be stably maintained during their long-term implantation in rat models.58 In addition to the use of carbon nanomaterials, control of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) in terms of their length and alignment of assemblies and ligand modification of Ag NWs increased the electrical conductivity and mechanical
Jun-Kyul Song, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea; [email protected] Kyungsik Do, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea; [email protected] Ja Hoon Koo, Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea; [email protected] Donghee Son, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea; [email protected] Dae-Hyeong Kim, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea; [email protected] doi:10.1557/mrs.2019.183
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