Nationalism and Its Effects on Attitudes About Trade, Cooperation, and Immigration
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Nationalism and Its Effects on Attitudes About Trade, Cooperation, and Immigration Brian H. Lai1 · Nicholas F. Martini1 Received: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 31 July 2020 © Fudan University 2020
Abstract With the rise of populist leaders over the last 20 years, this paper examines whether we have seen a corresponding increase in the distribution of nationalist sentiments in a country, a strengthening of the effect of those sentiments on attitudes toward free trade, cooperation, and immigration, and nationalism conditioning the effect of education on those three attitudes. Using data from the ISSP, we show that while the distribution of nationalist attitudes in countries has not changed much and the effect of nationalism on those three attitudes has not changed, nationalism conditions the effect of education on trade and immigration and that effect is increasing over time. Keywords National identity · Nationalism · Globalism · Public opinion
1 Introduction Populist leaders seem to be rising to power in many countries with the USA, Bra‑ zil, and India all being led by one in 2020. A report by the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change shows that from 1990 to 2018, the number of populist leaders increased from 4 to 20. With the rise of populist leaders, questions have arisen about the sustainability of the liberal order that was created after World War 2. President Trump’s approach to free trade and global institutions highlights these questions. He once tweeted that “Tariffs are the greatest”.1 The nationalist rhetoric often used by Trump and other populist leaders question the liberal order which has promoted more global integration and openness. 1
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/24/donald-trump-tariffs-jean-claude-junck er/824887002/.
* Brian H. Lai brian‑[email protected] Nicholas F. Martini Nicholas‑[email protected] 1
Department of Political Science, University of Iowa, 341 Schaeffer Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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B. H. Lai, N. F. Martini
Has this growth in populist and nationalist approaches by state leaders been matched by the growth of nationalist ideals among the public in democracies? Has the role of nationalism in shaping the attitudes of individuals toward more liberal policies changed over time as well? Research has shown that people with nation‑ alist attitudes tend to not support pillars of a liberal order, including international organization, free trade, and immigration. If nationalism is on the rise, public sup‑ port for these globalist and liberal approaches may start to decline. Also, national‑ ism may also play more of a role in attitude formation as appeals to nationalism have increased over time with the rhetoric of populist leaders. While populism and nationalism are distinct concepts, they are related in that both identify the impor‑ tance of the self, relative to others and often elevate the nation above others. This paper will analyze these questions, looking at survey data over time to evalu‑ ate changes in nationalism and it
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