Neuronal Plasticity: Neuronal Organization is Associated with Neurological Disorders
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Neuronal Plasticity: Neuronal Organization is Associated with Neurological Disorders Yogesh Kumar Dhuriya 1 & Divakar Sharma 2,3 Received: 7 February 2020 / Accepted: 13 April 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Stimuli from stressful events, attention in the classroom, and many other experiences affect the functionality of the brain by changing the structure or reorganizing the connections between neurons and their communication. Modification of the synaptic transmission is a vital mechanism for generating neural activity via internal or external stimuli. Neuronal plasticity is an important driving force in neuroscience research, as it is the basic process underlying learning and memory and is involved in many other functions including brain development and homeostasis, sensorial training, and recovery from brain injury. Indeed, neuronal plasticity has been explored in numerous studies, but it is still not clear how neuronal plasticity affects the physiology and morphology of the brain. Thus, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity is essential for understanding the operation of brain functions. In this timeline review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying different forms of synaptic plasticity and their association with neurodegenerative/neurological disorders as a consequence of alterations in neuronal plasticity. Keywords Neuronalplasticity . Short-term plasticity . Long-termpotentiation . Neurodegenerativediseases . AMPAR . NMDAR
List of Abbreviations PTP Post-tetanic potentiation DSC Voltage-dependent sodium channel VDCC Voltage-dependent calcium channel LTP Long term potentiation LTD Long-term depression mGLUR Metabotropic glutamate receptor PKC Protein kinase C
* Divakar Sharma [email protected] 1
Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
2
Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
3
Present address: CRF, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences (KSBS), Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi (IIT-D), Delhi 110016, India
Introduction Plasticity is one of the most important features of the mammalian brain, and involves the ability to modify the function of neural circuits generated by neural activity experiences, leading to behavioral modification. Neuronal plasticity is a fundamental property of the nervous system, defined as the ability to modify the activity and organization of neuronal circuitry according to internal or external stimuli (CardosoLeite et al. 2012; Buttelmann and Karbach 2017). It plays a central role in the formation of learning and memory, and is also thought to be involved in the development of early neuronal circuitry. Several studies have reported that impairment of neuronal plasticity contributes to major neurological disord
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