On proportional scintillation in very large liquid xenon detectors
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On proportional scintillation in very large liquid xenon detectors Pratibha Juyal1
•
Karl-Ludwig Giboni1 • Xiang-Dong Ji1 • Jiang-Lai Liu1
Received: 28 March 2020 / Revised: 17 June 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 Ó China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Abstract The charge readout of a liquid xenon (LXe) detector via proportional scintillation in the liquid phase was first realized by the Waseda group 40 years ago, but the technical challenges involved were overwhelming. Although the tests were successful, this method was finally discarded and eventually nearly forgotten. Currently, this approach is not considered for large LXe dark matter detectors. Instead, the dual-phase technology was selected despite many limitations and challenges. In two independent studies, two groups from Columbia University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University reevaluated proportional scintillation in the liquid phase. Both studies established the merits for very large LXe detectors, but the Columbia group also encountered apparent limitations, namely the shadowing of the light by the anode wires, and a dependence of the pulse shape on the drift path of the electrons in the anode region. The differences between the two studies, however, are not intrinsic to the technique, but a direct consequence of the chosen geometry. Taking the geometrical differences into account, the results match without ambiguity. They also agree with the original results from the Waseda group.
This work has been supported by a Grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2016YFA0400301). & Pratibha Juyal [email protected]; [email protected] 1
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology(INPAC), 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
Keywords Liquid detectors Time projection chambers (TPC) Multiplication and electroluminescence in rare gases and liquids
1 Introduction Liquid xenon (LXe) detectors have undergone rapid development in recent years, which is reflected most obviously in their target masses. New detectors are being used deep underground for direct detection of dark matter (DM), where they look for the rare nuclear recoils of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP). With an expected rate of less than one interaction/kg/day, sufficiently large and efficient detectors are required for DM detection. The target mass for such detectors has increased from the initial 5–10 kg about 15 years ago to the current range of 5–10 tons. These DM searches take advantage of the intrinsic properties of LXe, such as high density and atomic mass, self-shielding due to the absence of longlived radioactive isotopes, and the scalability of the liquid medium. The nuclear recoil of WIMPs can be detected by scintillation light or from liberated charges when
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