Operational Oceanography in the 21st Century
Over the past decade the significant advances in real-time ocean observing systems, ocean modelling, ocean data assimilation and super-computing has seen the development and implementation of operational ocean forecasts of the global ocean. At the conclus
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Andreas Schiller • Gary B. Brassington Editors
Operational Oceanography in the 21st Century
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Editors Dr. Andreas Schiller Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research CSIRO GPO Box 1538 Hobart 7001, Tasmania Australia [email protected]
Dr. Gary B. Brassington Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research Bureau of Meteorology PO Box 1289 Melbourne 3001, Victoria Australia [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-0331-5 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0332-2 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0332-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011925930 All Rights Reserved for Chapters 21 and 22 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Daily mean sea surface height anomaly for the 28th July 2009 as estimated by the operational BLUElink ocean prediction system. Red colors indicate positive height anomalies whilst blue colors represent negative height anomalies. Anomalies represent the estimated sea surface height relative to the model’s dynamic topography of a mean from a multi-year integration forced by reanalysis winds. Shown in the image is the east Indian Ocean with anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies in the mid-latitudes and the South Equatorial Current in the tropics that derives volume flux from the western warm pool in the Pacific Ocean via the Indonesian Throughflow. Image produced by Dr. Justin Freeman. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
In the mid 1990s the research community and operational agencies saw an emerging opportunity for near-realtime ocean forecasts similar to those produced in Numerical Weather Prediction: combining numerical models and observations via data assimilation in order to provide ocean prediction products on various space and time scales. This development was facilitated through an international framework provided by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE). GODAE aimed at advancing ocean data assimilation by synthesizing satellite and in-situ observations with state-of-the art models of global ocean circulation. In the past few years ocean forecasting has matured to a stage where many nations have implemented global and basin-scale ocean analyses and short-term forecast systems that provide routine products to the oceanographic community serving a variety of applications in areas such as marine environmental monitoring and management, ocean climate, defense and industry applications. The authors within this book provide an up to date description of the major components of ocean analyses and forecastin
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