Optical Fiber Strain Gages
Optical fiber strain sensing is an evolving field in optical sciences in which multiple optical principles and techniques are employed to measure strain. This chapter seeks to provide a concise overview of the various types of optical fiber strain sensors
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Optical Fiber 14. Optical Fiber Strain Gages
Chris S. Baldwin
14.1 Optical Fiber Basics ............................... 348 14.1.1 Guiding Principals for Optical Fiber 348 14.1.2 Types of Optical Fibers ................. 349
14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5 14.2.6
Advantages of Fiber Optic Sensors . Limitations of Fiber Optic Sensors .. Thermal Effects ........................... Introduction to Strain–Optic Effect
352 353 354 354
14.3 Interferometry ..................................... 14.3.1 Two-Beam Interference ............... 14.3.2 Strain–Optic Effect....................... 14.3.3 Optical Coherence ....................... 14.3.4 Mach–Zehnder ........................... 14.3.5 Michelson .................................. 14.3.6 Fabry–Pérot ............................... 14.3.7 Polarization................................ 14.3.8 Interrogation of Interferometers ...
354 355 355 356 357 357 357 358 358
14.4 Scattering ............................................ 359 14.4.1 Brillouin Scattering...................... 359 14.4.2 Strain Sensing Using Brillouin Scattering................................... 359 14.5 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors .................. 14.5.1 Fabrication Techniques ................ 14.5.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Optical Response ................................... 14.5.3 Strain Sensing Using FBG Sensors .. 14.5.4 Serial Multiplexing ...................... 14.5.5 Interrogation of FBG Sensors, Wavelength Detection.................. 14.5.6 Other Grating Structures ...............
361 361 362 363 364
14.6 Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors ......... 14.6.1 Marine Applications..................... 14.6.2 Oil and Gas Applications .............. 14.6.3 Wind Power Applications ............. 14.6.4 Civil Structural Monitoring ............
367 367 367 368 368
366 367
14.2 General Fiber Optic Sensing Systems....... 351 14.2.1 Strain Sensing System Concept ...... 351 14.2.2 Basic Fiber Optic Sensing Definitions ................................. 351
References .................................................. 369
Many optical fiber sensors are based on classical bulk optic arrangements, as discussed in Chap. 18 – Basics of Optics. These arrangements are named after the in-
ventors who are credited with their invention. Other optical fiber sensors are based on physical phenomenon such as scattering effects that are inherent to the optical
14.7 Summary ............................................. 368
Part B 14
Optical fiber strain sensing is an evolving field in optical sciences in which multiple optical principles and techniques are employed to measure strain. This chapter seeks to provide a concise overview of the various types of optical fiber strain sensors currently available. The field of optical fiber strain sensing is nearly 30 years old and is still breaking new ground in terms of optical fiber technology, instrumentation, and applications. For each sensor discussed in the following sections, the basic optical layout is presented along with a description of the optical phenomena and the gov
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