Optimization of Egress in Fire Using Hybrid Graph Theory and Metaheuristic Algorithms
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RESEARCH PAPER
Optimization of Egress in Fire Using Hybrid Graph Theory and Metaheuristic Algorithms A. Kaveh1 · M. Ghobadi1 Received: 18 October 2019 / Accepted: 23 January 2020 © Shiraz University 2020
Abstract Emergency evacuation is the urgent egress or escape of people away from an area that contains a hazard. In recent years, a great deal of attention has been devoted to research on the fire safety. In this paper, the problem of finding the best route for emergency evacuation in fire is studied and a hybrid evacuation model based on the graph theory and metaheuristic algorithms is presented. In the present solution, some human factors, including the number of occupants, the level of ability, and the time to move to exit doors, are considered. The objective provides the evacuation of occupants as soon as possible. The results of this research provide valuable findings for the significant role of route traffic in structural optimization in sustainable design as well as in identifying the critical node in the evacuation route. Keywords Emergency evacuation · Fire rescue · Graph theory · Metaheuristic algorithm · Building
1 Introduction Each year, many fires occur in buildings and many people lose their lives and property. The ability of the occupants of a building to evacuate in case of fire to a place of ultimate or total safety is a fundamental aspect of fire safety. A “means of escape” can be defined as the structural means whereby a safe route is provided for people to travel from any location in a building or structure to a place of safety without the need of outside assistance, https://app.croneri.co.uk. Fire safety legislation places the onus on the “responsible person”—a person who has some level of control of premises, to assess, reduce, and manage fire risk. This includes ensuring that everyone who may be on the premises has a means of escape, https: //www.marsde n-fire-safety .co.uk. The safe egress and evacuation of disabled people require additional careful consideration and attention because not everyone with a disability will require help. There may be people with “hidden impairments,” a heart condition or epilepsy, which may require assistance in an emergency evacuation. Deaf people may not be able to hear the fire alarm, people with visual impairment may not be able to read fire exit * A. Kaveh [email protected] 1
School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846‑13114, Iran
signs clearly, and people with mental health issues may react in an unusual way (https://www.marsden-fire-safety.co.uk). Thus, it is not sufficient to try to evacuate people without considering a suitable plan adapted to the various emergency situations (Nasri and Bouziri 2014). Our main purpose is to produce a generic evacuation plan based on a set of variables. The evacuation time can thus be reduced if pedestrian behavior can be adapted to a building environment and controlled through education and training by identifying the risk factors and critical points (K
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