Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection
- PDF / 1,126,839 Bytes
- 14 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 61 Downloads / 193 Views
REVIEW ARTICLE
Organ‑specific manifestations of COVID‑19 infection Maria Gavriatopoulou1 · Eleni Korompoki1,2 · Despina Fotiou1 · Ioannis Ntanasis‑Stathopoulos1 · Theodora Psaltopoulou1 · Efstathios Kastritis1 · Evangelos Terpos1 · Meletios A. Dimopoulos1 Received: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Although COVID-19 presents primarily as a lower respiratory tract infection transmitted via air droplets, increasing data suggest multiorgan involvement in patients that are infected. This systemic involvement is postulated to be mainly related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus binding on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors located on several different human cells. Lung involvement is the most common serious manifestation of the disease, ranging from asymptomatic disease or mild pneumonia, to severe disease associated with hypoxia, critical disease associated with shock, respiratory failure and multiorgan failure or death. Among patients with COVID-19, underlying cardiovascular comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes and especially cardiovascular disease, has been associated with adverse outcomes, whereas the emergence of cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure and arrhythmias, has been associated with poor survival. Gastrointestinal symptoms are also frequently encountered and may persist for several days. Haematological complications are frequent as well and have been associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, recent studies have reported that over a third of infected patients develop a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms affecting the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscles, including anosmia and ageusia. The skin, the kidneys, the liver, the endocrine organs and the eyes are also affected by the systemic COVID-19 disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the organ-specific systemic manifestations of COVID-19. Keywords SARS-CoV-2 · COVID-19 · Lungs · Cardiovascular · Gastrointestinal · Neurological
Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a worldwide pandemic in the past few months with a major impact on health care systems and economies. Since December 2019 when the first diagnosed case was identified in Wuhan, China, the highly contagious virus has spread throughout the world with detrimental consequences. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the coronaviruses family of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses [1]. Notably, the main hosts of these viruses are animals. To date, 39 different species of the viruses
* Meletios A. Dimopoulos [email protected] 1
Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece
Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
2
have been identified, including two highly contagious and pathogenic species that led to two different outbreaks the past 2 decades [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Data Loading...
