Overheating or overcooling: heat transfer in the spot to fight against the pandemic obesity
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Overheating or overcooling: heat transfer in the spot to fight against the pandemic obesity Leandro Henrique Manfredi 1 Accepted: 17 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The prevalence of obesity has nearly doubled worldwide over the past three and a half decades, reaching pandemic status. Obesity is associated with decreased life expectancy and with an increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, nervous system diseases. Hence, understanding the mechanisms involved in the onset and development of obesity is mandatory to promote planned health actions to revert this scenario. In this review, common aspects of cold exposure, a process of heat generation, and exercise, a process of heat dissipation, will be discussed as two opposite mechanisms of obesity, which can be oversimplified as caloric conservation. A common road between heat generation and dissipation is the mobilization of Free Faty Acids (FFA) and Carbohydrates (CHO). An increase in energy expenditure (immediate effect) and molecular/metabolic adaptations (chronic effect) are responses that depend on SNS activity in both conditions of heat transfer. This cycle of using and removing FFA and CHO from blood either for heat or force generation disrupt the key concept of obesity: energy accumulation. Despite efforts in making the anti-obesity pill, maybe it is time to consider that the world’s population is living at thermoneutrality since temperature-controlled places and the lack of exercise are favoring caloric accumulation. Key-words Obesity . Cold exposure . Heat exposure . Exercise . Brown adipose tissue . Sympathetic nervous system . Heat shock protein
Abbreviations AMPK Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase ATP Adenosine Triphosphate BAT Brown Adipose Tissue BMI Body Mass Index cAMP cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate CD137 TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 9 CHO Carbohydrates Cidea Cell Death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like Effector A CNS Central Nervous System D2 Deiodinase type 2 EDL Extensor Digitorum Longus FFA Free Faty Acids FNDC5 Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5
* Leandro Henrique Manfredi [email protected] 1
Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
GLUT4 GRP78 GRP94 HbA1c HFD HSP47 HSP60 HSP70 HSP89α HSP89β HSP90 HSPs IMTG JNK NA PGC-1α PI3K PKA PKC ROS SNS
Glucose Transporter type 4 Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 Glycosylated haemoglobin High-Fat Diet Heat Shock Protein 47 Heat Shock Protein 60 Heat Shock Protein 70 Heat Shock Protein 89α Heat Shock Protein 89β Heat Shock Protein 90 Heat Shock Proteins IntraMuscular TriacylGlycerol c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Noradrenaline Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha PhosphoInositide 3 Kinase Protein Kinase A Protein Kinase C Reactive Oxygen Species Sympathetic Nervous System
Rev Endocr Metab Disord
T3 T4 TAG/FA TMEM26 TSH UCP1 VO2max WAT
Tri-iodothyronine Thyroxine TryacylGlycerol/ Fatty
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