Overview of GPS
The Global Positioning System is the responsibility of the Joint Program Office (JPO) located at the U.S. Air Force Systems Command’s Space Division, Los Angeles Air Force Base (AFB). In 1973, the JPO was directed by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) t
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Global Positioning System Theory and Practice
Springer-Verlag Wi en New York
Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof Dr. Herbert Lichtenegger Abteilung fur Landesvermessung und Landinformation, Technische Universitiit Graz Graz, Austria
Dr. James Collins GPS Services, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1992 by Springer-Verlag Wien Printed on acid-free paper Cover illustration courtesy of Rockwell International
With 35 Figures
ISBN-13: 978-3-211-82364-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-7091-5126-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-5126-6
We dedicate this book to
Benjamin William Remondi
Foreword This book is dedicated to Dr. Benjamin William Remondi for many reasons. The project of writing a Global Positioning System (GPS) book was conceived in April 1988 at a GPS meeting in Darmstadt. Dr. Remondi discussed with me the need for an additional GPS textbook and suggested a possible joint effort. In 1989, I was willing to commit myself to such a project. Unfortunately, the timing was less than ideal for Dr. Remondi. Therefore, I decided to start the project with other coauthors. Dr. Remondi agreed and indicated his willingness to be a reviewer. I selected Dr. Herbert Lichtenegger, my colleague from the University of Technology at Graz, Austria, and Dr. James Collins from the United States. In my opinion, the knowledge of the three authors should cover the wide spectrum of GPS. Dr. Lichtenegger is a geodesist with broad experience in both theory and practice. He has specialized his research to geodetic astronomy including orbital theory and geodynamical phenomena. Since 1986, Dr. Lichtenegger's main interest is dedicated to GPS. Dr. Collins retired from the U.S. National Geodetic Survey in 1980, where he was the Deputy Director. For the past ten years, he has been deeply involved in using GPS technology with an emphasis on surveying. Dr. Collins was the founder and president of Geo/Hydro Inc. My own background is theoretically oriented. My first chief, Prof. Dr. Peter Meissl, was an excellent theoretician; and my former chief, Prof. DDDr. Helmut Moritz, fortunately, still is. It is appropriate here to say a word of thanks to Prof. DDDr. Helmut Moritz, whom I consider my mentor in science. He is - as is probably widely known - one of the world's leading geodesists and is currently president of the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). In the fall of 1984, he told me I should go to the U.S.A. to learn about GPS. I certainly agreed, although I did not even know what GPS meant. On the same day, Helmut Moritz called Admiral Dr. John Bossler, at that time the Director of the National Geodetic Survey, and my first stay in the U.S. was arranged. Thank you, Helmut! I still remember the flight where I started to read the first articles on GPS. I found
