Performance of industrial sludge-amended bricks manufactured in conventional kilns
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Performance of industrial sludge‑amended bricks manufactured in conventional kilns S. M. Habib Ullah1 · Mehedi Hasan1 · Syed Ishtiaq Ahmad1 · Tanvir Ahmed1 Received: 2 November 2019 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Dyeing sludge (DS) from textile industries are toxic in nature and have the potential to become a serious environmental burden for Bangladesh due to lack of safe disposal options. The huge brick manufacturing industry of Bangladesh is a potential avenue for sludge disposal as well as stabilization of DS through incorporation in clay bricks. We performed experiments to assess the engineering properties (strength, water absorption, firing shrinkage, weight loss on ignition and bulk density) of sludge-amended clay bricks manufactured in conventional kilns as well as to determine the leaching potential of toxic heavy metals from such bricks. Results of the tests indicated that the sludge proportion is the key factor in determining the brick quality. The compressive strength of DS bricks reduced from 24.5 to 9.93 MPa when DS content increased from 10 to 50%. Water absorption, weight loss in ignition and total shrinkage varied between 11.4% and 25.3%, 10.8% and 24.7%, 11.6% to 15.3%, respectively, for the same DS% range. 10% DS-amended kiln-manufactured bricks exhibited engineering properties which were superior to similar bricks tested in lab-scale studies and conformed to Grade A and S bricks as per Bangladesh Standard (BDS 208). 10% DS bricks also showed minimal loss during drying and burning in the manufacturing process. The TCLP test results indicated that the leaching concentrations of As, Cr, Cd, Cu and Pb from DS-amended bricks are far below the USEPA standard limits. Results from this study indicate that textile dyeing sludge can be sustainably stabilized in clay bricks manufactured in traditional brick kilns in Bangladesh. Keywords Dyeing sludge · Clay bricks · Compressive strength · TCLP
Introduction Exports of textiles, clothing, and ready-made garments (RMG) are the principal source of foreign exchange earnings in Bangladesh accounting for 80% of total national exports and 15 percent of GDP [1–3]. Textile manufacturing involves a combination of processes including dyeing, printing, finishing, bleaching, washing, dry cleaning, weaving slashing/sizing, spinning etc. and uses many chemical substances such as dyes, solvents, optical brighteners, creaseresistance agents, flame retardants, heavy metals, pesticides, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01080-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Tanvir Ahmed [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
and antimicrobic agents [4]. There are around 1500 textile mills (yarn and fabric manufacturing, dyeing–printing–finishing) in Bangladesh which are estimated to generate 2
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